Russia

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Russia 

Rus'c.862 Grand Principality of Rus' (later referred to as Kievan Rus'
[Kiyevskaya Rus'] by historians), ruled by the Ryurikovich
   (Rurikid) dynasty. The dynasty follows agnatic seniority,
and in 1054, divides into three branches on the basis of descent
   from three successive ruling Grand Princes - Izyaslav
Yaroslavich (I)(1024-1078), Svyatoslav Yaroslavich (II) (1027-
1076), and Vsevolod Yaroslavich (I) (1030-1093). Established
    first at Novgorod, then from 882 at Kiev (see under Ukraine).
1097                       Council of Lyubech amends the succession rule and divides Kievan
   Rus' into several regional autonomous principalities that had
   equal rights to obtain the throne in Kiev.
1157                       Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal' (originally Rostov-Suzdal'),
within the Grand Principality of Rus', with its capital
at Rostov-Suzdal' and later Vladimir.
12 Mar 1169                Kiev sacked by the forces of Andrey Yuryevich (I) "Bogolyubskiy"
of Vladimir-Suzdal' (b. c.1111 - d. 1174). The seat of the
Grand Prince is moved to Vladimir-Suzdal'
 8 Sep 1173                Kiev sacked by the forces of Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (III)
   of Chernigov.
1201                       Kiev captured by Roman Mstislavich (I) of Galich-Volynia.
 2 Jan 1203                Kiev captured and sacked by Ryurik Rostislavich (II) and his
Cuman-Kipchak (Kypchak) allies.
1216 - 12.. Vladimir-Suzdal' divided into the principalities of
Rostov, Yaroslavl', and Pereslavl'-Zalesskiy. 
Dec 1237/Feb 1241          The Mongols subdue most of the regional principalities of Rus'
   (Kiev itself being sacked and destroyed on 6 Dec 1240).
1238 - 19 May 1389         Under Mongol (from 1259, Golden Horde) suzerainty.
 3 Feb 1238     Vladimir is sacked and destroyed by the Mongols.
13 Nov 1263                Principality of Moscow established as an appanage of Vladimir-
Suzdal'.
1299                       Metropolitan Maksim (d. 1305) moves the seat of the Orthodox
   Metropolitanate of Rus' from Kiev to Vladimir.
19 May 1389 Vladimir-Suzdal' is annexed by Moscow.

Grand Princes of Rus' (title Velikiy knyaz')
1169 - 1170     Gleb Yuryevich I (1st time)        (d. 1171)
Mar 1170 - Apr 1170        Mstislav Izyaslavich III (3rd time)(s.a.)
Apr 1170 - 20 Jan 1171     Gleb Yuryevich I (2nd time)        (s.a.)
1171 - 30 May 1171         Vladimir Mstislavich III           (b. 1132 - d. 1171)
1171                       Mikhalko (Mikhail) Yuryevich I     (b. c.1145 - d. 1176)
1171                       Roman Rostislavich I (1st time)    (d. 1180)
1171 - 1172                Vsevolod Yuryevich III             (b. 1154? - d. 1212)
   - jointly with -
1171 - 1172                Yaropolk I           (d. 1198)
1172                       Ryurik Rostislavich I (1st time)   (b. 11.. - d. 1212)
1172             Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich III       (b. c.1123 - d. 1194)
"Bolyshoe Gnezdoo" (1st time) 
1172 - 1173                Yaroslav Izyaslavich II (1st time) (b. c.1132 - d. c.1176)
1173                       Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich III       (s.a.)
(2nd time) 
1173 - 1174                Yaroslav Izyaslavich II (2nd time) (s.a.)
1174 - 1176                Roman Rostislavich I (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1176 - 1178                Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich III       (s.a.)
(3rd time) 
1178                       Roman Rostislavich I (3rd time)    (s.a.)
1178 - 1180                Svyatoslav III Vsevolodovich       (s.a.)
(4th time) 
1180 - 1202                Ryurik Rostislavich I (2nd time)   (s.a.)
   - jointly with -
1181 - 27 Jul 1194         Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich III       (s.a.)
(5th time)  
1202                       Roman Mstislavich "Galitskiy"      (b. c.1150 - d. 1205)
1202 - 1203                Ingvar' Yaroslavich (1st time)     (b. c.1152 - d. 1220)
1203                       Ryurik Rostislavich I (3rd time)   (s.a.)
1203 - 1204                Ingvar' Yaroslavich (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1204 - 1205                Rostislav Ryurikovich II           (b. 1172 - d. af.1218)
Jun 1205 - 1206            Ryurik Rostislavich I (4th time)   (s.a.)
1206                       Vsevolod Svyatoslavich IV          (d. 1212/15)
"Chermnyy" (1st time)
1206 - 1208                Ryurik Rostislavich I (5th time)   (s.a.)
1208             Vsevolod IV Svyatoslavich IV       (s.a.)
"Chermnyy" (2nd time)  
1208 - 1211                Ryurik Rostislavich I (6th time)   (s.a.)
1211 - 1214                Vsevolod Svyatoslavich IV (s.a.)
"Chermnyy" (3rd time)
1214 - 1219                Mstislav Romanovich IV (1st time)  (d. 1223)
1219 - 1250                Vladimir Ryurikovich IV (1st time) (b. 1187 - d. 1239)
1220 -  2 Jun 1223         Mstislav Romanovich IV (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1223 - 1235                Vladimir Ryurikovich IV (2nd time) (s.a.)
1235                       Izyaslav Vladimirovich IV          (b. 1186 - d. 1238?)
1235 - 1236                Vladimir Ryurikovich IV (3rd time) (s.a.)
1236 - 1237                Yaroslav Vsevolodovich III         (b. 1191 - d. 1246)
(1st time) 
1237 - 1238                Mikhail Vsevolodovich I (1st time) (b. 1179 - d. 1245)
1238                       Yaroslav Vsevolodovich IV          (b. 1191 - d. 1246)
1238 - 1239                Rostislav Mstislavich II           (d. af.1239)
1239 - 1240                Daniil Romanovich    (b. 1201 - d. 1264)
(= Danylo Halyts'kyy)
1240 - 1243                Mikhail Vsevolodovich I (2nd time) (s.a.)
1243 - 30 Sep 1246         Yaroslav Vsevolodovich III         (s.a.)
(2nd time)  
30 Sep 1246 - 14 Nov 1263  Aleksandr Yaroslavich "Nevskiy"    (b. 1221 - d. 1263)
14 Nov 1263 - 16 Sep 1272  Yaroslav Yaroslavich "Tverskoy"    (b. 1230 - d. 1272)
1272 - Jan 1276            Vasily Yaroslavich "Kostromskoy"   (b. c.1236 - d. 1276)
1276 - 1281                Dmitriy Aleksandrovich             (b. 1250 - d. 1294)
"Pereyaslavskiy" (1st time)
1281 - 1283                Andrey Aleksandrovich "Gorodetskiy"(b. c.1255 - d. 1304)
(1st time)
1283 - 1294                Dmitriy Aleksandrovich             (s.a.)
"Pereyaslavskiy" (2nd time)
1294 - 27 Jul 1304         Andrey Aleksandrovich "Gorodetskiy"(s.a.)
(2nd time)
1304 - 1318                Mikhail Yaroslavich "Tverskoy"     (b. 1271/72 - d. 1318)   
1319 - 1322                Yuriy Danilovich "Moskovskiy"      (b. 1281 - d. 1325)
1322 - 15 Sep 1326         Dmitriy Mikhaylovich "Tverskoy"    (b. 1298 - d. 1326)
"Groznye Ochi"
15 Sep 1326 - 1327         Aleksandr Mikhaylovich "Tverskoy"  (b. 1301 - d. 1339)
1328 - 1331                Aleksandr Vasilyevich "Suzdalskiy" (d. 1331)
1331 - 31 Mar 1340         Ivan I Danilovich "Kalita"         (b. c.1283 - d. 1340)
31 Mar 1340 - 26 Apr 1353  Semyon Ivanovich "Gordyy"          (b. 1317 - d. 1353)
26 Apr 1353 - 13 Nov 1359  Ivan II Ivanovich "Krasnyy"        (b. 1326 - d. 1359)
13 Nov 1359 - 1360         Dmitriy Ivanovich "Donskoy"        (b. 1350 - d. 1389)
(1st time)
22 Jun 1360 - 1363         Dmitriy Konstantinovich            (b. 1322 - d. 1383)
"Suzdalskiy", "Odnook"
1363 - 19 May 1389         Dmitriy Ivanovich "Donskoy"        (s.a.)
(2nd time)

---

Russia (and "Muscovy" 1389-1547)

Map of Russian Empire	Hear National Anthem "Bozhe, Tsarya Khrani!" (God, Save the Tsar!) (31 Dec 1833 -15 Mar 1917) -------------------------------------- Unofficial Anthems "Kol' slaven nash Gospod'  v Sione" (How Glorious is  Our Lord in Zion) or "Rabochaya Marsel'yeza" (The Worker's Marseillaise) (17 Mar 1917-23 Jan 1918)	Hear Provisional Anthems "Internatsional"  (The Internationale) (23 Jan 1918-30 Dec 1922) ------------------------------------- Former National  Anthem "Molitva Russkikh" (The Prayer of the Russians) (1816-31 Dec 1833)	Fundamental Law  (23 Apr 1906-23 Mar 1917)
Capital: Saint Petersburg (Petrograd 18 Aug 1914 - 12 Mar 1918; Saint Petersburg 1713-1728,  1732 - 18 Aug 1914; Moscow 1331-1713, 1728-1732, and from 12 Mar 1918; Vladimir-Suzdal' 1169-1331)	Currency: 1755-1922 Russian Ruble (Rubl')  (RUFS)	National Holiday: Dec 1918-1922: 7 Nov (1917) Day of Proletarian Revolution --------------------------------- Nov 1917 - Dec 1918: 12 Mar (27 Feb) (1917) Overthrow of Autocracy --------------------------------- 1894-1917: 18 (6) May (1868) Birthday of Tsar Nicholas II	Population: 156,500,000 (c.1914) 125,640,021 (1897) (excluding Finland)
GNP: 12.8 billion Rubles (1913)	Exports: $348.9 million (1914) Imports: $365.7 million (1914)	Ethno-Linguistic groups: Russian 44.3%, Little Russian (Ukrainian) 17.81%, Turkic,Tatar 10.64%, Polish 6.31%, White Russia (Belorussian) 4.68%, Jewish (Yiddish) 4.02%, Finnish, Estonian, Karelian and Livonian 2.78%,  German 1.42%, Latvian 1.14%, Georgian, Mingrelian and  Svan 1.07%, Lithuanian 0.96%, Armenian 0.93%, Moldavian and Romanian 0.89%, Dagestani, Chechen, Ingush and Avar 0.86%, Samogitian (Zhmud) 0.35%, Tajik 0.27%, Greek 0.14%, Bulgarian 0.13%, and Ossetian 0.13% (1897) (excluding Finland)
Total Armed Forces: 1,300,000 (1914) Merchant marine: 906 (1908)	Religions: Pravoslavs (Eastern Orthodox, incl. Russian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox and Georgian Orthodox) 69.34%, Muslim 11.07%, Roman Catholic 9.13%, Jews 4.15%, Lutheran 2.84%, Old Believers and others split from Pravoslavs 1.75%, Armenian Gregorians & Armenian Catholics 0.97%, Buddhists, Lamaists 0.34%, other Protestants 0.15%, and Karaites 0.01% (1897) (excluding Finland)
International Organizations/Treaties to 1922: CED, ICRM, IOC, IMO, IPU, ITU, PCA, UIBPIP, UPU

Grand Princes of All Russia (title Velikiy knyaz' vseya Rusi)
19 May 1389 - 27 Feb 1425  Vasiliy Dmitriyevich I (b. 1371 - d. 1425)
27 Feb 1425 - 25 Apr 1433  Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy"   (b. 1415 - d. 1462)
(the Blind) (1st time)
27 Feb 1425 - 25 Apr 1433  Velikaya Knyaginya Sofiya          (b. 1371 - d. 1453)
Vitovtovna (f) -Regent
(= Zofia Witoldówna)
25 Apr 1433 - 28 Sep? 1433 Yuriy Dmitriyevich (1st time)      (b. 1374 - d. 1434)
28 Sep? 1433 - 31 Mar 1434 Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy"   (s.a.)
(2nd time)
31 Mar 1434 -  5 Jun 1434  Yuriy Dmitriyevich (2nd time)      (s.a.)
 5 Jun 1434 - Jul 1434     Vasiliy Yuryevich "Kosoy"          (b. 1421 - d. 1447/48)
Jul 1434 -  7 Jul 1445     Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy"   (s.a.)
(3rd time)(Mongol prisoner 7 Jul - 1 Oct 1445)
 7 Jul 1445 - 26 Oct 1445  Dmitriy Yuryevich Shemyaka         (b. 14.. - d. 1453)
(1st time)
26 Oct 1445 - 12 Feb 1446  Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy"   (s.a.)
(4th time)
12 Feb 1446 - 17 Feb 1447  Dmitriy Yuryevich Shemyaka         (s.a.)
(2nd time)
17 Feb 1447 - 27 Mar 1462  Vasiliy Vasilyevich II "Tyomnyy"   (s.a.)
(5th time)
28 Mar 1462 - 27 Oct 1505  Ivan Vasilyevich III "Velikiy"     (b. 1440 - d. 1505)
1477 -  7 Mar 1490         Ivan Ivanovich "Molodoy" -Co-ruler (b. 1458 - d. 1490)
 4 Feb 1498 - 14 Apr 1502  Dmitriy Ivanovich "Vnuk" -Co-ruler (b. 1483 - d. 1509)
14 Apr 1502 -  3 Dec 1533  Vasiliy Ivanovich III (b. 1479 - d. 1533)
(co-ruler to 27 Oct 1505)
 3 Dec 1533 - 16 Jan 1547  Ivan Vasilyevich IV "Groznyy"      (b. 1530 - d. 1584)
 3 Dec 1533 - Aug 1534     Knyaz' Mikhail L'vovich            (b. 1470 - d. 1534)
Glinskiy -Regent
 3 Dec 1533 -  4 Apr 1538  Velikaya Knyaginya Yelena          (b. c.1508 - d. 1538)
Vasilyevna Glinskaya (f) -Regent
1534 - 13 Apr 1538         Knyaz' Ivan Fyodorovich Ovchina-   (d. 1539)
Telepnev-Obolenskiy -Regent
13 Apr 1538 - 16 Jan 1547  Regency disputed:
- Knyaz' Vasiliy Vasilyevich       (b. c.1478 - d. 1538)
   Shuiskiy (to Nov 1538)
- Knyaz' Ivan Vasilyevich Shuiskiy (d. 1542)
(Oct 1538 - 1540 and 1542 - 14 May 1542)
- Knyaz' Ivan Fyodorovich Belskiy  (d. af.1541)
(Jul 1540 - 25 Dec 1541)
- Ioasaf I, Patriarkh Moskovskiy   (d. 1555)
(1540 - 25 Dec 1541)
  - Andrey Mikhaylovich Shuiskiy     (d. 1543)
(1542 - 30 Dec 1543)
  - Ivan Ivanovich Kubenskiy         (d. 1546)
(1544 and 1545 - 1546)
- Fyodor Semyonovich Vorontsov     (d. 1546)
     (1543 - 21 Jul 1546)
  - Mikhail Vasilyevich Glinskiy     (d. 1559)
(1546 - 16 Jan 1547)
  - Yuriy Vasilyevich Glinskiy       (d. 1547)
(1543 - 16 Jan 1547)
Tsars¹
16 Jan 1547 - 29 Sep 1575  Ivan Vasilyevich IV "Groznyy"      (s.a.)
(co-ruler over Moscow, Pskov & Rostov 29 Sep 1575 - Sep 1576)
(1st time)
29 Sep 1575 - Sep 1576     Semyon Bekbulatovich (Sayin Bulat) (b. 153. - d. 1616)
Sep 1576 - 18 Mar 1584     Ivan Vasilyevich IV "Groznyy"      (s.a.)
(2nd time) 
18 Mar 1584 -  7 Jan 1598  Fyodor Ivanovich I    (b. 1557 - d. 1598)
19 Mar 1584 -  6 Jan 1598  Regency Council (Supreme Duma)
- Knyaz' Ivan Fyodorovich          (b. c.1529 - d. 1586)
Mstislavskiy (to 1586)
- Knyaz' Ivan Petrovich Shuiskiy   (b. 15.. - d. 1588)
(to 1587)   
- Knyaz' Bogdan Yakovlevich Belskiy(b. 15.. - d. 1611)
(to Apr 1584)  
- Nikita Romanovich Yur'yev        (b. c.1522 - d. 1586)
(to Aug 1584)
- Boris Fyodorovich Godunov        (b. 1552 - d. 1605)
 7 Jan 1598 -  1 Sep 1598  Ivan, Patriarkh Moskovskiy i       (b. c.1525 - d. 1607)
vseya Rusi -Regent (1st time)
11 Feb 1598 - 13 Apr 1605  Boris Fyodorovich      (s.a.)
(= Boris Fyodorovich Godunov)
13 Apr 1605 - 15 Apr 1605  Ivan, Patriarkh Moskovskiy i       (s.a.)
vseya Rusi -Regent (2nd time)
15 Apr 1605 -  1 Jun 1605  Fyodor Borisovich II               (b. 1589 - d. 1605)
15 Apr 1605 -  1 Jun 1605  Mariya Grigoryevna                 (b. 156. - d. 1605)
Skuratova (f) -Regent
 1 Jun 1605 - 20 Jun 1605  .... (acting)
 1 Jun 1605 - 17 May 1606  Dmitriy Ivanovich "Lzhedmitriy I"  (b. 1581 - d. 1606)
(= Yuriy Bogdanovich Otrepyev?)
("False" Dmitriy) (usurper)
17 May 1606 - 17 Jul 1610  Vasiliy Ivanovich "Shuyskiy"       (b. 1552 - d. 1612)
(acting to 19 May 1606)
11 Jun 1607 - 21 Dec 1610  Dmitriy Ivanovich "Lzhedmitriy II" (b. 15.. - d. 1610)
(Second "False" Dmitriy)
  (in rebellion)
Chief of the Boyar Duma (Council of Seven)
17 Jul 1610 - 24 Oct 1612  Knyaz' Fyodor Ivanovich            (b. 155. - d. 1622)
Mstislavskiy
(from 17 Aug 1610, for Vladislav Zhigimontovich)
Tsar
17 Aug 1610 - 27 Oct 1612  Vladislav Zhigimontovich           (b. 1595 - d. 1648)
(= Władysław IV of Poland)
(remained in Poland)
Polish Commanders
21 Sep 1610 - 20 Oct 1610  Stanisław Żółkiewski               (b. 1547 - d. 1620) 
20 Oct 1610 - 27 Oct 1612  Aleksander Gosiewski               (b. 1575? - d. 1639)
(in the Kremlin only from 3 Sep 1612)
30 Jun 1611 - 27 Oct 1612  Council of All the Land
  (in opposition to Polish rule)
                           - Prokopiy Petrovich Lyapunov      (b. 155. - d. 1611)
(to 22 Jul 1611)
- Ataman Ivan Martynovich Zarutskiy(b. 156. - d. 1614)
(to 28 Jul 1612)
- Knyaz' Dmitriy Timofeyevich      (b. 157. - d. 1625)
Trubetskoy 
Senior Magistrate of the Land (in Nizhniy Novgorod, in rebellion)   
 1 Sep 1611 -  7 Apr 1612  Kuz'ma Minich Zakharyev            (b. 157. - d. 1616)
                             "Sukhorukiy"
Chairmen of the Council of All the Land (in Yaroslavl', in rebellion)
 7 Apr 1612 - 27 Oct 1612  Knyaz' Dmitriy Mikhaylovich        (b. 1578 - d. 1641)
  Pozharskiy
+ Kuz'ma Minich Zakharyev          (s.a.)
     "Sukhorukiy"
Regent of the State             
27 Oct 1612 - 11 Jul 1613  Knyaz' Dmitriy Timofeyevich        (s.a.)
   Trubetskoy 
Tsars¹
11 Jul 1613 - 13 Jul 1645  Mikhail Fyodorovich III            (b. 1596 - d. 1645)
(elected 3 Mar 1613)
11 Jul 1613 - 14 Jun 1619  Knyaginya Kseniya (Xenia) Ivanovna (b. 157. - d. 1631)
Shestova (f) -Regent
14 Jun 1619 -  1 Oct 1633  Filaret Nikitich, Patriarkh        (b. 1554 - d. 1633)
Moskovskiy -Regent
13 Jul 1645 - 30 Jan 1676  Aleksey Mikhaylovich               (b. 1629 - d. 1676)
13 Jul 1645 - 18 Aug 1645  Yevdokiya Lukyanovna               (b. c.1608 - d. 1645)
Streshneva (f) -Regent
30 Jan 1676 - 27 Apr 1682  Fyodor Alekseyevich III (b. 1661 - d. 1682)
27 Apr 1682 - 22 Oct 1721  Pyotr Alekseyevich I "Velikiy"     (b. 1672 - d. 1725)
              /2 Nov 1721   (co-ruler 26 May 1682 - 29 Jan 1696)
27 Apr 1682 - 29 May 1682  Tsaritsa i Velikaya Knyaginya      (b. 1651 - d. 1694)
Natal'ya Kirillovna
Naryshkina (f) -Regent
26 May 1682 - 29 Jan 1696  Ivan Alekseyevich V     (b. 1666 - d. 1696)
29 May 1682 -  7 Sep 1689  Tsarevna i Velikaya Knyazhna Sof'ya(b. 1657 - d. 1704)
Alekseyevna Romanova (f) -Regent
10 Mar 1697 - 24 Aug 1698  Knyaz' Fyodor Yuryevich            (b. 1640 - d. 1717)
Romodanovskiy -Regent
Emperors¹ (also Grand Princes of Finland 1809-1917 and Kings of Poland 1815-1917)²
 2 Nov 1721 -  8 Feb 1725  Pyotr I "Velikiy"                  (s.a.)
(Peter I "the Great")
 8 Feb 1725 - 17 May 1727  Yekaterina I (Catherine I)-Empress (b. 1684 - d. 1727)
(= Marta Helena Skowrońska)
18 May 1727 - 30 Jan 1730  Pyotr II (Peter II)                (b. 1715 - d. 1730)
30 Jan 1730 - 15 Feb 1730  Supreme Privy Council
- Graf Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin  (b. 1660 - d. 1734)  Lib
- Knyaz' Dmitriy Mikhaylovich      (b. 1665 - d. 1737)  Lib
Golitsyn 
- Heinrich Johann Friedrich Baron  (b. 1686 - d. 1747)  Lib
Ostermann
(= Andrey Ivanovich Baron Osterman)
- Knyaz' Vasiliy Lukich Dolgorukiy (b. 1672 - d. 1739)  Con
  - Knyaz' Aleksey Grigoryevich      (b. 167. - d. 1734)  Con
Dolgorukiy (Dolgorukov)
- Knyaz' Mikhaylo Mikhaylovich     (b. 1675 - d. 1730)  Con 
Golitsyn 
- Knyaz' Vasiliy Vladimirovich     (b. 1667 - d. 1746)  Con
Dolgorukiy 
(acting)
15 Feb 1730 - 28 Oct 1740  Anna -Empress                      (b. 1693 - d. 1740)
28 Oct 1740 -  6 Dec 1741  Ivan III (unofficial style Ivan IV)(b. 1740 - d. 1764)
28 Oct 1740 - 20 Nov 1740  Ernst Johann von Biron, Herzog zu  (b. 1690 - d. 1772)
   Kurland und Semgallen -Regent
20 Nov 1740 -  6 Dec 1741  Anna Leopol'dovna (f) -Regent      (b. 1718 - d. 1746)
(= Elisabeth Katharina Christine zu Mecklenburg)
 6 Dec 1741 -  5 Jan 1762  Yelizaveta I (Elizabeth I)-Empress (b. 1709 - d. 1762)
 5 Jan 1762 -  9 Jul 1762  Pyotr III (Peter III)              (b. 1728 - d. 1762)
(= Peter Herzog zu Schleswig-Holstein)
 9 Jul 1762 - 17 Nov 1796  Yekaterina II "Velikaya" -Empress  (b. 1729 - d. 1796)
(= Sophia Augusta Friederike zu Anhalt-Zerbst)
(Catherine II "the Great")
28 Sep 1773 - 19 Sep 1774  Yemel'yan Ivanovich Pugachev       (b. c.1742 - d. 1775)
(Pugachyov)(in rebellion claiming to be Pyotr III) 
17 Nov 1796 - 24 Mar 1801  Pavel I (Paul I)                   (b. 1754 - d. 1801)
24 Mar 1801 -  1 Dec 1825  Aleksandr I "Blagoslovennyy"       (b. 1777 - d. 1825)
(Alexander I "the Blessed")
 1 Dec 1825 - 24 Dec 1825  Konstantin I (Constantine I)       (b. 1779 - d. 1831)
(proclaimed, but did not accept)
24 Dec 1825 -  2 Mar 1855  Nikolay I (Nicholas I)             (b. 1796 - d. 1855)
(enthronement retroactive to 1 Dec 1825)
 2 Mar 1855 - 13 Mar 1881  Aleksandr II "Osvoboditel'"        (b. 1818 - d. 1881)
(Alexander II "the Liberator")
13 Mar 1881 -  1 Nov 1894  Aleksandr III "Mirotvorets"        (b. 1845 - d. 1894)
(Alexander III "the Peacemaker")
 1 Nov 1894 - 15 Mar 1917  Nikolay II (Nicholas II)³            (b. 1868 - d. 1918)
Acting Heads of state
15 Mar 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  the heads of government

State Chancellor
16 Jul 1709-20/31 Jan 1734 Graf Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin    (s.a.)
Procurator-General of the Governing Senate
29 Jan 1722 - 16 Mar 1730  Pavel Ivanovich Yaguzhinskiy       (b. 1683 - d. 1736)  Mil
Members of the Supreme Privy Council
 4 Mar 1726 -  1 Aug 1727  Karl Friedrich Herzog zu Holstein- (b. 1700 - d. 1739)  
Gottorp
(= Karl-Fridrikh Gertsog Golshtinskiy)
20 Feb 1726 - 19 Sep 1727  Knyaz' Aleksandr Danilovich        (b. 1673 - d. 1729)  Lib
Menshikov
20 Feb 1726 - 20 Nov 1728  Graf Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin   (b. 1661 - d. 1728)  Lib  
20 Feb 1726 - 15 Mar 1730  Graf Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin (s.a.)               Lib  
20 Feb 1726 - 17 May 1727  Graf Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy     (b. 1645 - d. 1729)  Lib  
20 Feb 1726 - 15 Mar 1730  Knyaz' Dmitriy Mikhaylovich        (s.a.)     Lib  
                             Golitsyn
 6 Apr 1726 - 15 Mar 1730  Heinrich Johann Friedrich Baron    (s.a.)               Lib
Ostermann
(= Andrey Ivanovich Baron Osterman)
14 Feb 1728 - 15 Mar 1730  Knyaz' Vasiliy Lukich Dolgorukiy   (s.a.)     Con  
14 Feb 1728 - 15 Mar 1730  Knyaz' Aleksey Grigoryevich        (s.a.)               Con
     Dolgorukiy (Dolgorukov)
30 Jan 1730 - 15 Mar 1730  Knyaz' Mikhaylo Mikhaylovich       (s.a.)               Con 
                             Golitsyn 
30 Jan 1730 - 15 Mar 1730  Knyaz' Vasiliy Vladimirovich     (s.a.)               Con 
Dolgorukiy 
Procurator-Generals of the Governing Senate
15 Mar 1730 - 13 Oct 1730  Graf Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin    (s.a.)
(acting)
13 Oct 1730 - 29 Nov? 1731 Pavel Ivanovich Yaguzhinskiy (s.a.) 
                             (from 30 Jan 1731, Graf Pavel Ivanovich Yaguzhinskiy)
First Cabinet Ministers
21 Nov 1731 - 31 Jan 1734  Graf Gavriil Ivanovich Golovkin    (s.a.)
31 Jan 1734 -  6 Dec 1741  Heinrich Johann Friedrich Graf     (s.a.)
Ostermann
State Chancellors
21 Nov 1740 - 23 Dec 1741  Knyaz' Aleksey Mikhaylovich        (b. 1680 - d. 1742)
Cherkasskiy
23 Dec 1741 - 26 Feb 1758  Aleksey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (b. 1693 - d. 1766)
  (from 6 May 1742, Graf Aleksey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin)
(acting to 26 Jul 1744)
 5 Aug 1744 -  2 Apr 1765  Graf Mikhail Illarionovich         (b. 1714 - d. 1767)
Vorontsov
(acting [for Bestuzhev-Ryumin to 26 Feb 1758] to 4 Dec 1758)
20 Jun 1762 -  9 Mar 1775  Knyaz' Aleksandr Mikhaylovich      (b. 1723 - d. 1807)
Golitsyn (acting [for Vorontsov to 2 Apr 1765])
 9 Mar 1775 - 13 Apr 1775  Graf Nikita Ivanovich Panin'       (b. 1718 - d. 1783)  Mil
(acting)
13 Apr 1775 -  2 May 1797  Graf Ivan Andreyevich Ostermann    (b. 1725 - d. 1811)
(acting to 20 Nov 1796)
 2 May 1797 - 17 Apr 1799  Knyaz' Aleksandr Andreyevich       (b. 1747 - d. 1799)
Bezborodko
 3 Nov 1798 -  6 Oct 1799  Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey          (b. 1768 - d. 1834)
(from 16 Apr 1799, Graf Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey)
(acting [for Bezborodko to 17 Apr 1799])
 6 Oct 1799 -  4 Mar 1801  Graf Nikita Petrovich Panin'       (b. 1770 - d. 1837)
(acting)
 4 Mar 1801 - 20 Sep 1802  Knyaz' Aleksandr Borisovich        (b. 1752 - d. 1818)
Kurakin (acting)
20 Sep 1802 - 28 Jan 1804  Graf Aleksandr Romanovich          (b. 1741 - d. 1805)
Vorontsov
Procurator-Generals of the Governing Senate
 9 May 1740 - 26 Aug 1760  Knyaz' Nikita Yuryevich Trubetskoy (b. 1700 - d. 1767)  Mil   
26 Aug 1760 -  5 Jan 1762  Knyaz' Yakov Petrovich Shakhovskoy (b. 1705 - d. 1777)   
 5 Jan 1762 - 14 Feb 1764  Aleksandr Ivanovich Gle'bov        (b. 1722 - d. 1790)  Mil   
14 Feb 1764 - 28 Sep 1792  Knyaz' Aleksandr Alekseyevich      (b. 1727 - d. 1793)
Vyazemskiy
29 Sep 1792 - 15 Dec 1796  Aleksandr Nikolayevch Samoylov     (b. 1744? - d. 1814) Mil   
(from 12 Jan 1795, Graf Aleksandr Nikolayevch Samoylov)
15 Dec 1796 - 19 Aug 1798  Knyaz' Aleksandr Borisovich Kurakin(b. 1752 - d. 1818)   
19 Aug 1798 - 18 Jul 1799  Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin         (b. 1753 - d. 1827)  Mil  
(from 30 Jan 1799, Knyaz' Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin)
(1st time)
18 Jul 1799 - 20 Feb 1800  Aleksandr Andreyevich Bekleshov    (b. 1745 - d. 1808)  Mil
(1st time)   
20 Feb 1800 - 28 Mar 1801  Pyotr Khrisanfovich Obol'yaninov   (b. 1752 - d. 1841)  Mil   
28 Mar 1801 - 20 Sep 1802  Aleksandr Andreyevich Bekleshov    (s.a.)               Mil
             (2nd time)
20 Sep 1802 - 19 Oct 1803  Gavriil Romanovich Derzhavin       (b. 1743 - d. 1816)    
20 Oct 1803 - 13 Jan 1810  Knyaz' Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin  (s.a.)               Mil
(2nd time)
Chairmen of the State Council and Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers
13 Jan 1810 -  1 Apr 1812  Graf Nikolay Petrovich Rumyantsev  (b. 1751 - d. 1826)
10 Apr 1812 - 28 May 1816  Graf Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov    (b. 1736 - d. 1816)  Mil
(from 11 Sep 1814, Knyaz' Nikolay Ivanovich Saltykov) 
 6 Jun 1816 - 18 Apr 1827  Knyaz' Pyotr Vasilyevich Lopukhin  (s.a.)               Mil
11 May 1827 - 15 Jun 1834  Graf Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey     (s.a.)
(from 18 Dec 1831, Knyaz' Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey)
20 Jul 1834 - 20 Apr 1838  Graf Nikolay Nikolayevich          (b. 1761 - d. 1838)
Novosil'tsov
21 Apr 1838 - 13 Mar 1847  Ilarion Vasilyevich Vasil'chikov   (b. 1777 - d. 1847)  Mil 
(from 13 Jan 1839, Knyaz' Ilarion Vasilyevich Vasil'chikov)
13 Mar 1847 -  5 Oct 1848  Graf Vasiliy Vasilyevich Levashov  (b. 1783 - d. 1848)  Mil
(acting to 12 Jan 1848)
 5 Oct 1848 - 13 Nov 1848  .... (acting)
13 Nov 1848 - 17 Apr 1856  Knyaz' Aleksandr Ivanovich         (b. 1785 - d. 1857)  Mil
Chernyshyov (Chernyshov)
17 Apr 1856 - 20 Jan 1861  Graf Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov     (b. 1786 - d. 1861)  Mil
(from 7 Sep 1856, Knyaz' Aleksey Fyodorovich Orlov)
20 Jan 1861 -  2 Mar 1864  Graf Dmitriy Nikolayevich Bludov   (b. 1785 - d. 1864)
 2 Mar 1864 -  7 Mar 1864  Knyaz' Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin     (b. 1789 - d. 1872)
(acting)
Chairmen of the Committee of Ministers
 7 Mar 1864 -  4 Mar 1872  Knyaz' Pavel Pavlovich Gagarin     (s.a.)
 4 Mar 1872 - 10 Mar 1872  Vacant
10 Mar 1872 -  1 Jan 1880  Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev        (b. 1797 - d. 1880)  Mil
(from 24 Dec 1877, Graf Pavel Nikolayevich Ignatyev) 
 1 Jan 1880 -  6 Jan 1880  Vacant
 6 Jan 1880 - 16 Oct 1881  Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev       (b. 1815 - d. 1890)
(from 2 Mar 1880, Graf Pyotr Aleksandrovich Valuyev) 
16 Oct 1881 - 11 Jan 1887  Mikhail Khristoforovich Reytern    (b. 1820 - d. 1890)
(= Michael von Reutern)
13 Jan 1885 - May 1885     Graf Konstantin Ivanovich fon der  (b. 1830 - d. 1912)
                             Palen (= Constantin Graf von der Pahlen)
                            (acting for Reytern)
11 Jan 1887 - 13 Jan 1887  Vacant
13 Jan 1887 - 15 Jun 1895  Nikolay Khristianovich fon Bunge   (b. 1823 - d. 1895)  Non-party
(= Nikolai Karl Paul von Bunge)
15 Jun 1895 - 27 Oct 1895  Vacant
27 Oct 1895 - 11 Jun 1903  Ivan Nikolayevich Durnovo          (b. 1834 - d. 1903)  Non-party
11 Jun 1903 - 29 Aug 1903  Vacant
29 Aug 1903 -  6 Nov 1905  Sergey Yulyevich Vitte (Witte)     (b. 1849 - d. 1915)  Non-party
(from 1 Oct 1905, Graf Sergey Yulyevich Vitte [Witte])
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers)
 6 Nov 1905 -  5 May 1906  Graf Sergey Yulyevich Witte        (s.a.)               Non-party
 5 May 1906 - 21 Jul 1906  Ivan Logginovich Goremykin         (b. 1839 - d. 1917)  GPr
(1st time) 
21 Jul 1906 - 18 Sep 1911  Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin         (b. 1862 - d. 1911)  Non-party
15 Sep 1911 - 12 Feb 1914  Vladimir Nikolayevich Kokovtsov    (b. 1853 - d. 1943)  GPr
(acting [for Stolypin to 18 Sep 1911] to 22 Sep 1911)
12 Feb 1914 -  2 Feb 1916  Ivan Logginovich Goremykin         (s.a.)               GPr
(2nd time)
 2 Feb 1916 - 23 Nov 1916  Boris Vladimirovich Shtyurmer      (b. 1848 - d. 1917)  Ext
(Stürmer)
23 Nov 1916 -  9 Jan 1917  Aleksandr Fyodorovich Trepov       (b. 1862 - d. 1928)  GPr
 9 Jan 1917 - 12 Mar 1917  Knyaz' Nikolay Dmitriyevich        (b. 1850 - d. 1925)  GPr
Golitsyn
Chairman of the Provisional Committee of the State Duma
12 Mar 1917 - 15 Mar 1917  Mikhail Vladimirovich Rodzyanko    (b. 1859 - d. 1924)  Okt
Minister-presidents (prime ministers) of the Provisional Government
15 Mar 1917 - 20 Jul 1917  Knyaz' Georgiy Yevgenyevich L'vov  (b. 1861 - d. 1925)  KDP
20 Jul 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerenskiy    (b. 1881 - d. 1970)  PSR
(continues in opposition in Gatchina to 14 Nov 1917)
 7 Nov 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  Nikolay Mikhaylovich Kishkin       (b. 1864 - d. 1930)  KDP
(acting for Kerenskiy)
18 Nov 1917 -  2 Dec 1917  Sergey Nikolayevich Prokopovich    (b. 1871 - d. 1955)  Non-party
(acting [notionally for Kerenskiy], in opposition in Petrograd)

Alternative "White" (anti-Bolshevik) Central Governments

Chairman of the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly ("Komuch")(in Samara)
 8 Jun 1918 - 23 Sep 1918  Vladimir Kazimirovich Vol'skiy     (b. 1877 - d. 1937)  PSR
Chairmen of the All-Russian Provisional Government ("Ufa Directory")
24 Sep 1918 - 18 Nov 1918  Nikolay Dmitriyevich Avksentyev    (b. 1878 - d. 1943)  PSR
(in Ufa to 8 Oct 1918, then in Omsk)
 7 Nov 1918 - 12 Nov 1918  Vasiliy Georgiyevich Boldyrev      (b. 1875 - d. 1933)  Mil
(acting for Avksentyev, in Omsk)
Supreme Rulers (Verkhovnyy Pravitel')
18 Nov 1918                Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodskiy      (b. 1863 - d. 1928)  PSR
   (acting)(chairman of council of ministers)
18 Nov 1918 - 15 Jan 1920  Aleksandr Vasilyevich Kolchak      (b. 1874 - d. 1920)  Mil
(in Omsk to 12 Nov 1919, in Novo-Nikolayevsk from 20 Nov
1919 to 4 Dec 1919, then by Dec 25 1919 in Nizhneudinsk)
15 Jan 1920 - 11 Apr 1920  Supreme "White" central authority lapsed
Ruler (Pravitel')  and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces in the South of Russia
11 Apr 1920 - 19 Aug 1920  Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel'  (b. 1878 - d. 1928)  Mil
(Wrangel)(in Sevastopol')
Ruler (Pravitel') and Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army
19 Aug 1920 - 16 Nov 1920  Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Vrangel'  (s.a.)               Mil
(in Sevastopol')

Chairman of the Council of Managers
16 Aug 1918 - 23 Sep 1918  Yevgeniy Frantsevich Rogovskiy     (b. 1888 - d. 1950)  PSR 
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
 4 Nov 1918 - 22 Nov 1919  Pyotr Vasilyevich Vologodskiy      (s.a.)            PSR;Dec 1918 KDP
22 Nov 1919 - 15 Jan 1920  Viktor Nikolayevich Pepelyayev     (b. 1885 - d. 1920)  KDP
(left seat of government Irkutsk 26 Dec 1919,
to join Kolchak in Nizhneudinsk)
28 Dec 1919 -  5 Jan 1920  Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Cherven-  (b. 1872 - d. 1920)  KDP
Vodali
(acting for Pepelyayev, in Irkutsk)
Chairman of the Council of Managers with the Commander-in-chief
11 Apr 1920 - 19 Aug 1920  Aleksandr Vasilyevich Krivoshein   (b. 1857 - d. 1921)  Non-party
(acting to 2 Jun 1920)
Chairman of the Council of Managers of Government in the South of Russia
19 Aug 1920 - 11 Nov 1920  Aleksandr Vasilyevich Krivoshein   (s.a.) Non-party
(in Sevastopol')

French Occupation in Russia

14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812  French forces under Napoléon occupy Moscow (parts of the
Russian Empire occupied Jun 1812 - Dec 1812 and divided into
Government-General of Moscow, Government-General of Smolensk,
             Grand Principality of Lithuania (see Lithuania), and Duchy
             of Courland (see under Latvia).

Commanders-in-chief of the Grande Armée
Jun 1812 - Dec 1812        Napoléon I, Emperor of the French  (b. 1769 - d. 1821)  Mil
 5 Dec 1812 - Dec 1812     Joachim-Napoléon Murat, King of    (b. 1767 - d. 1815)  Mil
Naples (acting for absent Napoléon)
Intendants-General of the Grande Armée (for civil affairs)
Jun 1812 - Dec 1812        Guillaume-Mathieu, comte Dumas     (b. 1753 - d. 1837)  Mil
Nov 1812 - Dec 1812        Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno, comte   (b. 1767 - d. 1829)  Mil
Daru (acting for absent Dumas)

Governor-general of Moscow Province
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812  Adolphe Édouard Casimir Joseph     (b. 1768 - d. 1835)  Mil
Mortier, duc de Trévise
Intendant of Moscow Province (for civil affairs; subordinated to Intendant-General)
14 Sep 1812 - 23 Oct 1812  Jean-Baptiste Barthélemy de Lesseps(b. 1766 - d. 1834)  Non-party

Governors-General of Smolensk and Provinces from Dnieper to Moscow
16 Aug 1812 - 27 Aug 1812  Henri-François Delaborde (interim) (b. 1764 - d. 1833)  Mil
27 Aug 1812 - Oct 1812     Louis, comte Baraguey d'Hilliers   (b. 1764 - d. 1813)  Mil
Oct 1812 - 17 Nov 1812     Henri François, comte Charpentier  (b. 1769 - d. 1831)  Mil
Intendant of Smolensk Province (for civil affairs; subordinated to Intendant-General)
16 Aug 1812 - 17 Nov 1812  Antoine de Villeblanche                   Non-party

 ¹The style of the ruler was:
(a) 16 Jan 1547 - 19 Jan 1589: Tsar' i Velikiy Knyaz' vseya Rossii ("Tsar and Grand Prince of All-Russia");
(b) 19 Jan 1589 - 27 Mar 1654: Tsar' i Velikiy Knyaz' vseya Samoderzhets' Rossii ("Tsar and Grand Prince of All-Russia Autocrat");
(c) 27 Mar 1654 - 3 Sep 1655: Tsar' i Velikiy Knyaz', vseya Velikiya i Malyya Rossii Samoderzhets' ("Tsar and Grand Prince, of All Great and Little Russia Autocrat");
(d) 3 Sep 1655 - 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu Milostiyu Velikiy/Velikaya Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Tsar'/Tsaritsa vseya Velikiya i Malyya i Belyya Rossii Samodyerzhets ("By the Grace of God, Great Sovereign King/Queen of All Great and Little and White Russia Autocrat");
(e) long style after 22 Nov 1721: Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiyskiy/Vserossiyskaya, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar'Tsar'/Tsaritsa Kazanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Astrakhanskiy, Tsar'/Tsaritsa Sibirskiy, Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Pskovskiy i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Smolenskiy; Knyaz'/Knyaginya Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya Novagoroda nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar'/Gosudarynya Iverskiya zemli i Kartalinskikh i Gruzinskikh Tsarey/Tsarina; i Kabardinskiya zemli, Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey/Knyaginya i inykh Naslednyy Gosudar'/Gosudarynya i Obladatel' ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress and Autocrat of Moscow, of Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King/Queen of Kazan, King/Queen of Astrakhan, King/Queen of Siberia; Lord/Lady of Pskov; Grand Prince/Princess of Smolensk; Prince/Princess of Estonia, Livonia, Courland, Tver, Yougoria, Perm, Vyatka, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord/Lady and Grand Prince/Princess of Novgorod of Low Country, Chernigov, Ryazan, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Byelozersk, Oudoria [Udorskiy], Obdoria [Obdorskiy], Kondia [Kondiyskiy], and Commander of all the Northern lands; Sovereign Lord/Lady of Imeretia, Kartli, Kabardian lands; Lord/Lady of the Cherkasskiy and Mountain Princes, and Lord of many other countries");
(f) 6 May 1906 - 15 Mar 1917: Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiyskiy, Moskovskiy, Kiyevskiy, Vladimirskiy, Novgorodskiy; Tsar'  Kazanskiy, Tsar' Astrakhanskiy, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Tsar' Sibirskiy, Tsar' Khersonisa Tavricheskogo, Tsar' Gruzinskiy; Gosudar' Pskovskiy i Velikiy Knyaz' Smolenskiy, Litovskiy, Volynskiy, Podol'skiy i Finlyandskiy; Knyaz' Estlyandskiy, Liflyandskiy, Kurlyandskiy i Semigal'skiy, Samogitskiy, Byelostokskiy, Koryel'skiy, Tverskiy, Yugorskiy, Permskiy, Vyatskiy, Bolgarskiy i inykh; Gosudar' i Velikiy Knyaz' Novagoroda Nizovskiya zemli, Chernigorskiy, Ryazanskiy, Polotskiy, Rostovskiy, Yaroslavskiy, Byelozerskiy, Udorskiy, Obdorskiy, Kondiyskiy, Vitebskiy, Mstislavskiy i vseya severnyya strany Povelitel'; i Gosudar' Iverskiya, Kartalinskiya i Kabardinskiya zemli i oblasti Armenskiya; Cherkasskikh i Gorskikh Knyazey i inykh Naslednyy Gosudar' i Obladatel'; Gosudar' Turkestanskiy; Naslednik Norvezhskiy, Gertsog Shlesvig-Golstinskiy, Stormarnskiy, Ditmarsenskiy i Oldenburgskiy i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor and Autocrat of Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod; King of Kazan, King of Astrakhan, King of the Polish, King of Siberia, King of Taurian Chersonese, and King of Georgia; Lord of Pskov; Grand Prince of Smolensk, Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and Finland; Prince of Estonia, Livonia, Courland and Semigallia, Samogitia, Byelostok [Bialystok], Karelia, Tver, Yougoria, Perm, Vyatka, [Volga] Bulgaria, and of other lands; Lord and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Low Country, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Byelozersk, Oudoria [Udorskiy], Obdoria [Obdorskiy], Kondia [Kondiyskiy], Vitebsk, Mstislav, and Commander of all the Northern lands; Sovereign of Imeretia, Kartli, Kabardian lands and the province of Armenia; Lord of the Cherkasskiy and Mountain Princes; Sovereign of Turkestan; Heir of Norway; Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Stormarn, Ditmarschen and Oldenburg, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera");
- The shortened style was: Bozhiyeyu pospeshestvuyushcheyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator i Samodyerzhets Vserossiyskiy, Tsar' Pol'skiy, Velikiy Knyaz' Finlyandskiy, i prochaya, i prochaya, i prochaya ("by the grace of God, N.N., All-Russian Emperor/Empress 
and Autocrat, King of the Polish, Grand Prince of Finland, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera").

  ²The colloquial use of the term "tsar" (or less often "czar") for the emperor is strictly incorrect. Since 2 Nov 1721 the correct style was Bozhiyeyu milostiyu, N.N., Imperator/Imperatritsa i Samodyerzhets/Samodyerzhitsa Vserossiyskiy/Vserossiyskaya ("By the Grace of God, N.N., Emperor/Empress and Autocrat of all Russia"); the term tsar was used in the full style for subsidiary (and partially imaginary) polities; in particular, it was used to mean "king" with regard to Poland.

 ³on 15 Mar 1917 Emperor Nikolay II (s.a.) abdicated for himself, and Tsarevich Aleksey Nikolayevich (b. 1904 - d. 1918), in favor of his brother Grand Duke Mikhail Aleksandrovich Romanov (b. 1878 - d. 1918), who was proclaimed Emperor Mikhail II. In his manifesto on 17 Mar 1917 he deferred to the will of the people and acknowledged the Provisional Government, but neither abdicated nor refused to accept the throne. On 13 Jun 1918, Mikhail was murdered in Perm.

Noble and Ecclesiastical Titles: Baron = Baron; Graf = Count; Knyaz'/Knyaginya = Prince/Princess; Patriarkh = Patriarch; Velikiy/Velikaya Knyaz'/Knyaginya = Grand Prince/Princess.

Party abbreviations: Ext = Gruppa Krayne Pravykh (Group of Extreme Right-wing, 1906-1918); GPr = Gruppa Pravykh (Group of Right-wing, 1906-1918); KDP = Konstitutsionno-Demokraticheskaya Partiya (Constitutional Democratic Party, "Kadets", Russian liberal, 12 Oct 1905-1920, banned by Bolsheviks from 12 Dec 1917); Okt = Soyuz 17 Oktyabrya (Union of October 17, "Octobrists", conservative, moderate constitutionalist, Nov 1905-1918); PSR = Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries, "SRs", democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917 into Left [became PLSR] and Right wings, 1902-1923); RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist communist, state party, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamed Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)[All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]); RSDRP-B = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Russian revolutionary socialist, Marxist communist, from 8 Nov 1917 state party, 1 Mar 1898-8 Mar 1918, renamed RKP); RSDRP-M = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Men'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Mensheviks], split from RSDRP-B, democratic socialist, Orthodox Marxist, 1 Jan 1912-1922); Mil = Military;
- Former political groups: Con = Conservative (conservatives, 18th-19th cent.); Lib = Liberal (liberals, 18th-19th cent.)

---

Novgorod

c.862           Grand Principality of Rus' (later referred to as Kievan Rus'
               [Kiyevskaya Rus'] by  historians) established first at
Novgorod, then from 882 at Kiev.
1136                       Novgorod establishes a feudal republican government under the
Council of Lords, prince becomes an elective position.
1156        Named Velikiy Novgorod ("Novgorod the Great") for the first time.
1322 – 1389                Position of prince (increasingly nominal) most often filled by the
absent princes of Moscow.
1348                       Pskov independent by the Treaty of Bolotovo.
1389                       Prince reduced to a military commander, archbishop of Velikiy
             Novgorod referred to as Vladyka recognized as chairman of Council
of Lords, by then the polity styled Gospodin Gosudar' Velikiy
             Novgorod ("His Majesty Lord Novgorod the Great").
Feb 1456                   Recognized suzerainty of Moscow by Treaty of Yazhelbitsy
(interrupted 1470-1471).
15 Jan 1478                Velikiy Novgorod annexed by Moscow.
1611 - 1617                Occupied by Sweden, a "Novgorod state" under Swedish protection.
1617                       Restored to Russia by Treaty of Stolbovo.


Princes of Novgorod (title Knyaz' Novgorodskiy)
1136 - 1138                Svyatoslav Olgovich II (1st time)  (b. c.1106 - d. 1164)
1138                       Svyatopolk Mstislavich II          (d. 1154)
(1st time)
1138 - 1140                Rostislav Yuryevich I (1st time)   (d. 1151)
1140 - 1141                Svyatoslav Olgovich II (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1141                       Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich III       (b. c.1123 - d. 1194)
1141 - 1142                Rostislav Yuryevich I (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1142 - 1148                Svyatopolk Mstislavich II          (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1148 - 1154                Yaroslav Izyaslavich II            (b. c.1132 - d. 1176)
1154                       Rostislav Mstislavich II           (b. c.1108 - d. 1167)
1154 - 1155                Davyd Rostislavich II              (b. 1140 - d. 1197)
1155 - 1158                Mstislav Yuryevich II              (d. af.1161)
1158 - 1161                Svyatoslav Rostislavich IV         (d. 1170)
(1st time)
1161                       Mstislav Rostislavich III          (d. 1178)
(1st time)
1161 - 1168                Svyatoslav Rostislavich VI         (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1168 - 1170                Roman Mstislavich I "Galitskiy"    (b. c.1150 - d. 1205)
1170 - 1171                Ryurik Rostislavich II             (d. 1214)
1171 - 1175                Yuriy Andreyevich I "Bogolyubskiy" (d. af.1180)
1175                       Svyatoslav Mstislavich             (d. af.1176)
1175 - 1176 Mstislav Rostislavich III          (s.a.)
             (2nd time)
1176 - 1177                Yaroslav Mstislavich III "Krasnyy" (d. 1199)
1177 - 1178                Mstislav Rostislavich III          (s.a.)
             (3rd time)
1178                       Yaropolk Rostislavich II           (d. af.1196)
1178 - 1179                Roman Rostislavich II              (d. 1180)
1179 - 13 Jun 1180         Mstislav Rostislavich IV           (d. 1180)
1180 - 1181 Vladimir Svyatoslavich III         (d. 1200)
1182 - 1184 Yaroslav Vladimirovich IV          (d. af.1207)
(1st time)
1184 - 1187                Mstislav Davydovich V (d. 1189)
1187 - 1196 Yaroslav Vladimirovich IV          (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1196 - 1197                Yaropolk Yaroslavich III           (d. af.1212)
1197 - 1199                Yaroslav Vladimirovich IV          (s.a.)
(3rd time)
Jan 1200 - 1204            Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich V         (d. 1252)
(1st time)
1205 - 1208 Konstantin Vsevolodovich           (b. 1186 - d. 1218)
1208 - 1210 Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich V         (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1210 - 1214                Mstislav Mstislavich IV "Udatnyy"  (b. c.1176 - d. 1228)
(1st time)
1214 - 1216                Yaroslav Vsevolodovich V (1st time)(b. 1191 - d. 1246)
1216 - 1217                Mstislav VI Mstislavich "Udatnyy"  (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1217 - 1218 Svyatoslav Mstislavich VI          (d. 1239)
1218 - 1221                Vsevolod Mstislavich II (d. af.1240)
1221                       Vsevolod Yuryevich III (1st time)  (b. 1212? - d. 1238)
1221 - 1223                Yaroslav Vsevolodovich V (2nd time)(s.a.)
1223 - 1224                Vsevolod Yuryevich III (2nd time)  (s.a.)
1224 - 1226 Mikhail Vsevolodovich (1st time)   (b. 1179 - d. 1246)
1226 - 1228                Yaroslav Vsevolodovich V (3rd time)(s.a.)
1228 - 1229 Fyodor Yaroslavich                 (d. 1233)
           - jointly with -
1228 - 1229                Aleksandr Yaroslavich "Nevskiy"    (b. 1221 - d. 1263)
             (1st time)
1229                       Mikhail Vsevolodovich (2nd time)   (s.a.)
1229 - 1230                Rostislav Mikhaylovich IV          (b. 1227 - d. 1262)
1231 - 1236 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich V (4th time)(s.a.)
1236 - 1240                Aleksandr Yaroslavich "Nevskiy"    (s.a.)
     (2nd time)
1240 - 1241                Andrey Yaroslavich I               (d. 1264?)
1241 - 1252                Aleksandr Yaroslavich "Nevskiy"    (s.a.)
     (3rd time)
1252 - 1255                Vasiliy Aleksandrovich II          (d. 1271)
             (1st time)
1255                       Yaroslav Yaroslavich VI (1st time) (b. 1230 - d. 1272)
1255 - 1257 Vasiliy Aleksandrovich II          (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1257 - 1259                Aleksandr Yaroslavich "Nevskiy"    (s.a.)
     (4th time)
1259 - 1264 Dmitriy Aleksandrovich I (1st time)(b. 1250 - d. 1294)
1263 - 1264                Yaroslav Yaroslavich VI (2nd time) (s.a.)
1264 - 1266                Dmitriy Aleksandrovich I (2nd time)(s.a.)
1266 - 1267                Yaroslav Yaroslavich VI (3rd time) (s.a.)
1267 - 1269                Yuriy Andreyevich II (d. 1279)
1269 - 1270                Yaroslav Yaroslavich VI (4th time) (s.a.)
1272 - 1273                Dmitriy Aleksandrovich I (2nd time)(s.a.)
1273 - 1276                Vasily Yaroslavich III             (b. c.1236 - d. 1276)
1276 - 1281                Dmitriy Aleksandrovich I (3rd time)(s.a.)
1281 - 1285 Andrey Aleksandrovich II (1st time)(b. c.1255 - d. 1304)
1285 - 1292 Dmitriy Aleksandrovich I (4th time)(s.a.)
1292 - 1304                Andrey Aleksandrovich II (2nd time)(s.a.)
1304 - 1314                Mikhail Yaroslavich "Tverskoy"     (b. 1271 - d. 1318)
             (1st time) 
1314 - 1315                Afanasiy Danilovich (1st time)     (d. 1322)
1315 - 1318                Mikhail Yaroslavich "Tverskoy"     (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1318 - 1322                Afanasiy Danilovich (2nd time)     (s.a.)               
1322 - 1325                Yuriy (Georgiy) Danilovich         (b. 1281 - d. 1325)
(prince of Moscow 1303-1325)
1325 - 1327                Aleksandr Mikhaylovich "Tverskoy"  (b. 1301 - d. 1339)
1327 – 1328                Council of Lords
1328 - 1337                Ivan I Danilovich "Kalita"         (b. 1281 - d. 1340)
(prince of Moscow 1325-1340)
1337 – 1346                Council of Lords
1346 - 26 Apr 1353         Semyon Ivanovich "Gordyy"          (b. 1317 - d. 1353)
(prince of Moscow 1340-1353)
1353 – 1355                Council of Lords
1355 - 13 Nov 1359         Ivan II Ivanovich "Krasnyy"        (b. 1326 - d. 1359)
1359 - 1363 Dmitriy II Konstantinovich         (b. 1322 - d. 1383)
"Odnook", "Suzdal'skiy"
1363 - 1389    Dmitriy III Ivanovich "Donskoy"    (b. 1350 - d. 1389)
(prince of Moscow 1359-1389)
Vladyka (archbishops of Velikiy Novgorod)
1388 - 1415                Ioann III          (d. 1417)
1416 - 1421                Simeon               (d. 1421)
1421 - 1423                Feodosiy I (never consecrated)     (d. 1425)
1423 - 1429                Yevfimiy I "Bradatyy"              (d. 1429)
1429 - 1458                Yevfimiy II    (d. 1458)
1458 - 1470    Iona                 (d. 1470)
1470 - 1478                Feofil (archbishop to 1480)        (d. 1484)
Swedish Commander
1611 - 1617                Jakob Pontusson de la Gardie       (b. 1583 - d. 1652)
1614 - 1615                Evert Karlsson Horn                (b. 1585 - d. 1615)
(acting for absent de la Gardie)
Voivode (head of local administration)
1610 - 1616                Knyaz' Ivan Nikitich Odoyevskiy    (d. 1616)
"Bol'shoy"

---

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Map of the U.S.S.R	Hear National Anthem "Gosudarstvennyy Gimn  Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik" (National Anthem of the Union of Socialist Republics) (no lyrics 1955-27 May 1977) Adopted 14 Dec 1943	Hear Former Anthem  "Internatsional" (The Internationale) (30 Dec 1922-14 Dec 1943)	Constitution  (7 Oct 1977)
Capital: Moscow (temporary: Kuybyshev  16 Oct 1941 - 31 Jul 1943)	Currency: 1922-1991  Soviet Ruble (Rubl') (SUR)	National Holiday (1928-1991): 7-8 Nov (1917) Anniversary of the Great  October Socialist Revolution (named Anniversary of the October Revolution 1928-1965) --------------------------------- (1922-1928): 7 Nov (1917) Day of Proletarian Revolution	Population: 293,047,571 (1991)
GNP: $2,660 billion (1990)	Exports: $109.3 billion (1989) Imports: $114.7 billion (1989)	Ethnic groups: Russian 50.78%, Ukrainian 15.45%, Uzbek 5.84%, Belorussian (Byelorussian) 3.51%, Kazakh 2.85%, Azeri 2.38%, Armenian 1.62%, Tajik 1.48%, Georgian 1.39%, Moldovan 1.17%, Lithuanian 1.07%, Turkmen 0.95%, Kirghiz 0.89%, Latvian 0.51%, Estonian 0.36%, other 9.75%
Total Armed Forces: 3,750,000 (1989) Declared Nuclear Power (1949): 28,595 weapons (1991) Merchant marine: 1,565 ships (1990)	Religions: atheist 60%, Russian Orthodox 20%, Muslim 10%, Protestant, Georgian Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Roman Catholic 7%, Jewish less than 1%  Note: State was officially atheist
International Organizations/Treaties: ANT (consultative), BTWC, CCC, CFE (signatory), Comecon, CSCE, EBRD, ENMOD, ESCR, IAEA, IBEC, ICAO, ICFTU, IHO, IIB, ILO, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interkosmos, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NPT, NTBT, OPNAL, OST, PCA, UIBPIP, UN, UNCLOS (signatory), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNSC (permanent), UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WP, WToO
Soviet Republics

30 Dec 1922                Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) including 
Russia, Ukraine, Byelorussia, and Transcaucasia (T.S.F.S.R.)
13 May 1925                Accession of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
 5 Dec 1929                Accession of Tadzhikistan.
 5 Dec 1936                Accession of Kazakhstan and Kirgiziya; T.S.F.S.R. dissolved - 
Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaidzhan become full union republics.
 2 Aug 1940                Accession of Moldavia
 3 Aug 1940                Accession of Lithuania.
 5 Aug 1940                Accession of Latvia.
 6 Aug 1940                Accession of Estonia.
 6 Sep 1991                Recognition of Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian independence.
25 Dec 1991                President of U.S.S.R. announces resignation followed by takeover
procedures ceding state power to authorities of Russian
Federation.
26 Dec 1991                Final dissolution of the U.S.S.R.; R.S.F.S.R. independent
as Russia.

General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
(from 31 Dec 1925, All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks])
 3 Apr 1922 - 13 Oct 1952  Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin        (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
(= Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili
[Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili])
(from 21 Dec 1929, personal style Vozhd [Leader])
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
13 Oct 1952 -  5 Mar 1953  Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin        (s.s.)
 5 Mar 1953 - 14 Mar 1953  Secretaries
                           - Georgiy Maksimilianovich Malenkov(b. 1902 - d. 1988)
(to 14 Mar 1953)(senior member)
             - Mikhail Andreyevich Suslov       (b. 1902 - d. 1982)
           - Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev    (b. 1894 - d. 1971)
(Khrushchyov)
- Semyon Denisovich Ignatyev       (b. 1904 - d. 1983)
- Pyotr Nikolayevich Pospelov      (b. 1898 - d. 1979)
           - Nikolay Nikolayevich Shatalin    (b. 1904 - d. 1984)
          (acting)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
14 Mar 1953 - 14 Oct 1964  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (s.a.)
(Khrushchyov)(secretariat chairperson to 7 Sep 1953)
14 Oct 1964 -  8 Apr 1966  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev             (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
 8 Apr 1966 - 10 Nov 1982  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev             (s.a.)
12 Nov 1982 -  9 Feb 1984  Yuriy Vladimirovich Andropov       (b. 1914 - d. 1984)
 9 Feb 1984 - 10 Mar 1985  Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko    (b. 1911 - d. 1985)
11 Mar 1985 - 24 Aug 1991  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (b. 1931)
(Gorbachyov)
24 Aug 1991 - 29 Aug 1991  Vladimir Antonovich Ivashko        (b. 1932 - d. 1994)
(Volodymyr Antonovych Ivashko)
   (acting)
            ("leading role" of party abolished 13 Mar 1990)

Chairmen of the Central Executive Committee (serving jointly)¹
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (b. 1875 - d. 1946)RKP;1925 VKP
(Russian RSFSR)
30 Dec 1922 - 12 Jan 1938  Grigoriy Ivanovich Petrovskiy      (b. 1878 - d. 1958)  VKP
(Hryhoriy Ivanovych Petrovsʹkyy)
(Ukrainian SSR) 
30 Dec 1922 - 16 Jun 1937  Aleksandr Grigoryevich Chervyakov  (b. 1892 - d. 1937)  VKP
(Alyaksandr Ryhoravich Charvyakow)
(Byelorussian SSR) 
30 Dec 1922 - 19 Mar 1925  Nariman Kerbalay Nadzhaf-ogly      (b. 1870 - d. 1925)  VKP
Narimanov (Transcaucasian SFSR)
   (Nariman Karbalayi Nacaf oğlu Narimanov)
21 May 1925 - Jun 1937     Gazanfar Makhmud-ogly Musabekov    (b. 1888 - d. 1938)  VKP
(Qazanfar Mahmud oğlu Musabayov)
(Transcaucasian SFSR) 
21 May 1925 - 21 Jul 1937  Nedirbay Aytakov (Turkmen SSR)     (b. 1894 - d. 1938)  VKP
(Nadirbay Aytaç)
21 May 1925 - 17 Jun 1937  Fayzulla Gubaydullayevich          (b. 1896 - d. 1938)  VKP
Khodzhayev (Uzbek SSR)
  (Fayzullo Ubaydulloyevich Xojayev)
18 Mar 1931 -  4 Jan 1934  Nusratullo Makhsum (Lutfulayev)    (b. 1881 - d. 1937)  VKP
(Nusratullo Maxsum)(Tadzhik SSR)
 4 Jan 1934 - Sep 1937     Abdullo Rakhimbayevich Rakhimbayev (b. 1896 - d. 1938)  VKP
(Abdullo Raximboyevich Raximboyev)
(Tadzhik SSR)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
12 Jan 1938 - 17 Jan 1938  Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev        (b. 1895 - d. 1971)  VKP
+ Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shvernik    (b. 1888 - d. 1970)  VKP
(acting)
17 Jan 1938 - 19 Mar 1946  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (s.a.)               VKP
19 Mar 1946 - 15 Mar 1953  Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shvernik      (s.a.)             VKP;1952 KPSS
15 Mar 1953 -  7 May 1960  Kliment Yefremovich Voroshilov     (b. 1881 - d. 1969)  KPSS
(Klyment Okhrimovych Voroshylov)
 7 May 1960 - 15 Jul 1964  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (1st time)  (s.a.)               KPSS
15 Jul 1964 -  9 Dec 1965  Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan          (b. 1895 - d. 1978)  KPSS
(Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan)
 9 Dec 1965 - 16 Jun 1977  Nikolay Viktorovich Podgornyy      (b. 1903 - d. 1983)  KPSS
(Mykola Viktorovych Pidhornyy)
16 Jun 1977 - 10 Nov 1982  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (2nd time)  (s.a.)               KPSS
10 Nov 1982 - 16 Jun 1983  Vasiliy Vasilyevich Kuznetsov      (b. 1901 - d. 1990)  KPSS
(1st time) (acting)
16 Jun 1983 -  9 Feb 1984  Yuriy Vladimirovich Andropov       (s.a.)               KPSS
 9 Feb 1984 - 11 Apr 1984  Vasiliy Vasilyevich Kuznetsov      (s.a.)               KPSS
(2nd time) (acting)
11 Apr 1984 - 10 Mar 1985  Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko    (s.a.)               KPSS
10 Mar 1985 -  2 Jul 1985  Vasiliy Vasilyevich Kuznetsov      (s.a.)               KPSS
(3rd time) (acting)
 2 Jul 1985 -  1 Oct 1988  Andrey Andreyevich Gromyko         (b. 1909 - d. 1989)  KPSS
(Andrey Andreyevich Hramyka)
 1 Oct 1988 - 25 May 1989  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (s.a.)               KPSS
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
25 May 1989 - 15 Mar 1990  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (s.a.)               KPSS
President
15 Mar 1990 - 25 Dec 1991  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (s.a.)               KPSS;
(suspended by Yanayev 19-21 Aug 1991)      24 Aug 1991: Non-party
19 Aug 1991 - 21 Aug 1991² Gennadiy Ivanovich Yanayev         (b. 1937 - d. 2010)  KPSS
(acting; in dissidence)

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom")
 6 Jul 1923 - 21 Jan 1924  Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin)   (b. 1870 - d. 1924)  RKP
 6 Jul 1923 -  2 Feb 1924  Lev Borisovich Kamenev             (b. 1883 - d. 1936)  RKP
(Rozenfel'd)
              + Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov          (b. 1881 - d. 1938)  RKP
       + Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Tsyurupa  (b. 1870 - d. 1928)  RKP
           + Khristiyan Georgiyevich Rakovskiy(b. 1873 - d. 1941)  KPU-B
(Khrystyyan Heorhiyovych Rakovs'kyy)
(to 15 Jul 1923)
   + Vlas Yakovlevich Chubar'         (b. 1891 - d. 1939)  KPU-B
(Vlas Yakovych Chubar)
(from 15 Jul 1923)
        + Ivan (Mamia) Dmitriyevich        (b. 1881 - d. 1937)  KPS-B
      Orakhelashvili
(Mamia Dimitris dze Orakhelashvili)
(acting [for Lenin to 21 Jan 1924])
 2 Feb 1924 - 19 Dec 1930  Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov            (s.a.)              RKP;1925 VKP
19 Dec 1930 -  6 May 1941  Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov    (b. 1890 - d. 1986)  VKP
(Skryabin)
 6 May 1941 - 15 Mar 1946  Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin        (s.a.)               VKP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
15 Mar 1946 -  5 Mar 1953  Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin        (s.a.)             VKP;1952 KPSS
 6 Mar 1953 -  8 Feb 1955  Georgiy Maksimilianovich Malenkov  (s.a.)               KPSS
 8 Feb 1955 - 27 Mar 1958  Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin    (b. 1895 - d. 1975)  KPSS
27 Mar 1958 - 15 Oct 1964  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (s.a.)               KPSS
(Khrushchyov)
15 Oct 1964 - 23 Oct 1980  Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin       (b. 1904 - d. 1980)  KPSS
23 Oct 1980 - 27 Sep 1985  Nikolay Aleksandrovich Tikhonov    (b. 1905 - d. 1997)  KPSS
27 Sep 1985 - 14 Jan 1991  Nikolay Ivanovich Ryzhkov          (b. 1929)            KPSS
Prime minister
14 Jan 1991 - 22 Aug 1991  Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov        (b. 1937 - d. 2003)  KPSS
22 Aug 1991 -  6 Sep 1991  Vacant
Chairman of the Committee on Operational Management of the National Economy (from 20 Sep
1991, also Chairman of the Inter-republican Economic Committee; from 14 Nov 1991, Chairman
of the Interstate Economic Committee - Prime Minister of the Economic Community)
 6 Sep 1991 - 25 Dec 1991  Ivan Stepanovich Silayev           (b. 1930)            Non-party

 ¹chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union was a collective body comprised by several chairmen, in principle one of each constituent soviet republic, although Kalinin (from Russian S.F.S.R.) was often viewed as the single chairman.

 ²The State Council for the State of Emergency took the power on 19 August 1991, the failed coup and was disbanded two days after. The paramount Soviet leaders comprised it: Vice President Gennadiy Ivanovich Yanayev (s.a.); Prime minister Valentin Sergeyevich Pavlov (s.a.); KGB chairman Vladimir Aleksandrovich Kryuchkov (b. 1924 - d. 2007); Defense minister Dmitriy Timofeyevich Yazov (b. 1924); Interior minister Boris Karlovich Pugo (b. 1937 - d. 1991); First deputy chairman of the Defense Council Oleg Dmitriyevich Baklanov (b. 1932); chairman of the Peasants' Union Vasiliy Alexandrovich Starodubtsev (b. 1931 - d. 2011); and chairman of the Association of State Enterprises Aleksandr Ivanovich Tizyakov (b. 1926 - d. 2019).

Territorial Disputes (1945-1991): Bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve disputed sections of the boundary with China; U.S. Government has not recognized the incorporation of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union; Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group occupied by Soviet Union since 1945, claimed by Japan; maritime dispute with Norway over portion of Barents Sea; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other nation; Kurdish question among Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, and the U.S.S.R.

Party abbreviations: KPSS = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza (Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Marxist-Leninist communist, USSR state party to 13 Mar 1990, former VKP, 13 Oct 1952 - 29 Aug 1991);
- Former parties: KPU-B = Komunistychna Partiya (Bil'shovykiv) Ukrayiny/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov) Ukrainy (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Ukraine, communist, separated 1 Mar 1919 from RKP, 12 Jul 1918-13 Oct 1952, renamed Komunistychna Partiya Ukrayiny/ Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Ukrainy [Communist Party of Ukraine]); RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist communist, state party, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed VKP); KPS-B = Komunisturi Partiis (Bolshevikebis) Sak'art'velos/Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov) Gruzii (Communist Party [Bolsheviks] of Georgia, communist, May 1920-13 Oct 1952, renamed Communist Party of Georgia); VKP = Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist communist, USSR state party, former RKP, 31 Dec 1925-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPSS)

---

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

 8 Nov 1917                Russian Soviet Republic (polity style not formally adopted).
31 Jan 1918                Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
30 Dec 1922                Part of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union).
 5 Dec 1936                Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Jul 1941 – Jul 1944        German occupation of western parts of the Russian S.F.S.R.
12 Jun 1990 Declaration of state sovereignty adopted.
12 Dec 1991                Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a resoltuion
denouncing the Union Treaty of 1922.
26 Dec 1991                U.S.S.R. dissolved, Russian S.F.S.R. independent as Russia.

Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Workers'
Party (Bolsheviks)(from 8 Mar 1918, Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks])
 9 Nov 1917 - 25 Mar 1919  Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin)   (b. 1870 - d. 1924)
+ Yakov Mikhaylovich Sverdlov      (b. 1885 - d. 1919)
(to 16 Mar 1919)
+ Lev Davidovich Trotskiy          (b. 1879 - d. 1940)
   (Bronshteyn)
  + Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin      (b. 1878 - d. 1953)
  (= Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili
[Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili])
+ Grigoriy Yakovlevich Sokolnikov  (b. 1888 - d. 1939)
(= Hirsh Yankelevich Brilliant)
(8 Mar - 29 Jul 1918, 11-18 Mar 1919)
+ Yelena Dmitriyevna Stasova (f)   (b. 1873 - d. 1966)
(from 8 Mar 1918)
Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
25 Mar 1919 -  3 Apr 1922  Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin)   (s.a.)
             + Lev Davidovich Trotskiy          (s.a.)
+ Lev Borisovich Kamenev           (b. 1883 - d. 1936)
(Rozenfel'd)
+ Nikolay Nikolayevich Krestinskiy (b. 1883 - d. 1938)
   (to 16 Mar 1921)
+ Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin      (s.a.)
        + Nikolay Ivanovich Bukharin       (b. 1888 - d. 1938)
+ Grigoriy Yevseyevich Zinovyev    (b. 1883 - d. 1936)
(= Hersh Aronovich Radomysl'skiy)
           + Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin        (b. 1875 - d. 1946)
+ Yelena Dmitriyevna Stasova (f)   (s.a.)
(Jul - 26 Sep 1919)
             + Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov  (b. 1890 - d. 1966)
(Skryabin)(from 16 Mar 1921)
 3 Apr 1922 - 19 Jun 1990  part of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union (and predecessors)
Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist
Party (Bolsheviks) for Affairs of the Russian S.F.S.R.
19 Jul 1936 - Apr? 1937    Nikolay Ivanovich Yezhov           (b. 1895 - d. 1940)
Apr? 1937   Post abolished
Chairmen of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union for the Russian S.F.S.R.
27 Feb 1956 - 16 Nov 1964  Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev      (b. 1894 - d. 1971)
(Khrushchyov)
16 Nov 1964 -  8 Apr 1966  Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev             (b. 1906 - d. 1982)
 8 Apr 1966                Post abolished
Chairman of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union
 9 Dec 1989 - 19 Jun 1990  Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev      (b. 1931)
(Gorbachyov)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian S.F.S.R.
22 Jun 1990 -  6 Aug 1991  Ivan Kuz'mich Polozkov             (b. 1935)            KPR
 6 Aug 1991 - 25 Aug 1991  Valentin Aleksandrovich Kuptsov    (b. 1937)            KPR
  (activities of the party suspended 23 Aug 1991)

Chairman of the Military-Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd
Soviet of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies
 7 Nov 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  Pavel Yevgenyevich Lazimir         (b. 1891 - d. 1920)  PSR
 7 Nov 1917 -  8 Nov 1917  Nikolay Ilyich Podvoyskiy          (b. 1880 - d. 1948)  RSDRP-B
                             (acting for Lazimir)
Chairman of the Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies
 8 Nov 1917 -  9 Nov 1917  Lev Borisovich Kamenev             (s.a.)               RSDRP-B
   (Rozenfel'd)
Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
 9 Nov 1917 - 21 Nov 1917  Lev Borisovich Kamenev             (s.a.)               RSDRP-B/RKP
21 Nov 1917 - 16 Mar 1919  Yakov Mikhaylovich Sverdlov        (s.a.)               RKP
16 Mar 1919 - 30 Mar 1919  Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirskiy   (b. 1874 - d. 1951)  RKP
(acting)
30 Mar 1919 - 15 Jul 1938  Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin          (s.a.)              RKP;1925 VKP
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
15 Jul 1938 - 19 Jul 1938  Andrey Aleksandrovich Zhdanov      (b. 1896 - d. 1948)  VKP
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
19 Jul 1938 -  4 Mar 1944  Aleksey Yegorovich Badayev         (b. 1883 - d. 1951)  VKP
 9 Apr 1943 -  4 Mar 1944  Ivan Alekseyevich Vlasov           (b. 1903 - d. 1969)  VKP
(acting for Badayev)
 4 Mar 1944 - 25 Jun 1946  Nikolay Mikhaylovich Shvernik      (b. 1888 - d. 1970)  VKP
25 Jun 1946 -  7 Jul 1950  Ivan Alekseyevich Vlasov           (s.a.)               VKP
 7 Jul 1950 - 16 Apr 1959  Mikhail Petrovich Tarasov          (b. 1899 - d. 1970)VKP;1952 KPSS
16 Apr 1959 - 26 Nov 1959  Nikolay Grigoryevich Ignatov       (b. 1901 - d. 1966)  KPSS
(1st time) 
26 Nov 1959 - 20 Dec 1962  Nikolay Nikolayevich Organov       (b. 1901 - d. 1982)  KPSS
20 Dec 1962 - 14 Nov 1966  Nikolay Grigoryevich Ignatov       (s.a.)               KPSS
(2nd time)
14 Nov 1966 - 23 Dec 1966  Timofey Arkadyevich Akhazov        (b. 1907 - d. 1979)  KPSS
           + Pyotr Petrovich Sysoyev          (b. 1912 - d. 1986)  KPSS
 (acting)
23 Dec 1966 - 26 Mar 1985  Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov        (b. 1906 - d. 1991)  KPSS
26 Mar 1985 -  3 Oct 1988  Vladimir Pavlovich Orlov           (b. 1921 - d. 1999)  KPSS
 3 Oct 1988 - 29 May 1990  Vitaliy Ivanovich Vorotnikov       (b. 1926 - d. 2012)  KPSS
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet
29 May 1990 - 10 Jul 1991  Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin         (b. 1931 - d. 2007)  KPSS:12 Jul
    1990 Non-party

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars ("Sovnarkom")
 9 Nov 1917 - 21 Jan 1924  Vladimir Ilyich Ul'yanov (Lenin)   (s.a.) RSDRP-B/RKP
23 May 1922 -  2 Oct 1922  Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov            (b. 1881 - d. 1938)  RKP
+ Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Tsyurupa  (b. 1870 - d. 1928)  RKP
+ Lev Borisovich Kamenev           (s.a.)               RKP
(from 14 Sep 1922)
(acting for Lenin)
13 Dec 1922 -  2 Feb 1924  Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov            (s.a.)               RKP
   + Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Tsyurupa  (s.a.)               RKP
+ Lev Borisovich Kamenev           (s.a.)               RKP
             (acting [for Lenin to 21 Jan 1924])
 2 Feb 1924 - 18 May 1929  Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov            (s.a.)              RKP;1925 VKP
18 May 1929 -  3 Nov 1930  Sergey Ivanovich Syrtsov           (b. 1893 - d. 1937)  VKP
 3 Nov 1930 - 22 Jul 1937  Daniil Yegorovich Sulimov          (b. 1890 - d. 1937)  VKP
22 Jul 1937 - 17 Sep 1938  Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin    (b. 1895 - d. 1975)  VKP
17 Sep 1938 -  2 Jun 1940  Vasiliy Vasilyevich Vakhrushev     (b. 1902 - d. 1947)  VKP
(acting to 29 Jul 1939)
 2 Jun 1940 - 23 Jun 1943  Ivan Sergeyevich Khokhlov          (b. 1895 - d. 1973)  VKP
 5 May 1942 -  2 May 1943  Konstantin Dmitriyevich Pamfilov   (b. 1901 - d. 1943)  VKP
(acting for Khokhlov) 
 2 May 1943 - 23 Jun 1943  Aleksey Nikolayevich Sukhov        (b. 1903 - d. 1974)  VKP
                             (acting for Khokhlov) 
23 Jun 1943 - 23 Mar 1946  Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin       (b. 1904 - d. 1980)  VKP
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (prime ministers)
23 Mar 1946                Aleksey Nikolayevich Kosygin       (s.a.)               VKP
23 Mar 1946 -  9 Mar 1949  Mikhail Nikolayevich Rodionov      (b. 1907 - d. 1950)  VKP
 9 Mar 1949 - 20 Oct 1952  Boris Nikolayevich Chernousov      (b. 1908 - d. 1978)  VKP
20 Oct 1952 - 24 Jan 1956  Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Puzanov     (b. 1906 - d. 1998)  KPSS
24 Jan 1956 - 19 Dec 1957  Mikhail Alekseyevich Yasnov        (s.a.)               KPSS
19 Dec 1957 - 31 Mar 1958  Frol Romanovich Kozlov   (b. 1908 - d. 1965)  KPSS
31 Mar 1958 - 23 Nov 1962  Dmitriy Stepanovich Polyanskiy     (b. 1917 - d. 2001)  KPSS
23 Nov 1962 - 23 Jul 1971  Gennadiy Ivanovich Voronov         (b. 1910 - d. 1994)  KPSS
23 Jul 1971 - 28 Jul 1971  Aleksey Mikhaylovich Shkol'nikov   (b. 1914 - d. 2003)  KPSS
+ Nikolay Fyodorovich Vasilyev     (b. 1916 - d. 2011)  KPSS
(acting)
28 Jul 1971 - 24 Jun 1983  Mikhail Sergeyevich Solomentsev    (b. 1913 - d. 2008)  KPSS
24 Jun 1983 -  3 Oct 1988  Vitaliy Ivanovich Vorotnikov       (s.a.)               KPSS
 3 Oct 1988 - 15 Jun 1990  Aleksandr Vladimirovich Vlasov     (b. 1932 - d. 2002)  KPSS
15 Jun 1990 - 26 Sep 1991  Ivan Stepanovich Silayev           (b. 1930)            Non-party
26 Sep 1991 -  6 Nov 1991  Oleg Ivanovich Lobov (acting)      (b. 1937 - d. 2018)  Non-party

Party abbreviation: KPSS = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Sovetskogo Soyuza (Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Marxist-Leninist communist, USSR state party to 13 Mar 1990, former VKP, 13 Oct 1952 - 29 Aug 1991); KPR = Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy SFSR (Communist Party of the Russian S.F.S.R., split from KPSS, 19 Jun 1990 - 6 Nov 1991; from 14 Feb 1993 Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii);
- Former parties: PSR = Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Socialists-Revolutionaries, "SRs", democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917 into Left [became PLSR] and Right wings, 1902-1923); RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist communist, state party, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918-31 Dec 1925, renamed VKP); RSDRP-B = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist communist, from 8 Nov 1917 state party, 1 Mar 1898-8 Mar 1918, renamed RKP); VKP = Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Marxist-Leninist communist, USSR state party, former RKP, 31 Dec 1925-13 Oct 1952, renamed KPSS)

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Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Note: Although the U.S.S.R. was "Soviet Socialist" from its founding, all the republics began as "Socialist Soviet" and did not change to the other order until various dates in 1937. In addition, in the national languages of several republics the word "Council/Conciliar" in the respective language was only quite late changed to an adaptation of the Russian "Soviet" - and never in others, e.g., Ukraine.

For the individual Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union see individual listings:

Armenian S.S.R.	Azerbaidzhan S.S.R.	Byelorussian S.S.R.
Estonian S.S.R.	Georgian S.S.R.	Karelo-Finnish S.S.R. (1940-1956)
Kazakh S.S.R.	Kirghiz S.S.R.	Latvian S.S.R.
Lithuanian S.S.R.	Moldavian S.S.R.	Russian S.F.S.R.
Tadzikh S.S.R.	Transcaucasian S.F.S.R. (1922-1936)	Turkestan S.S.R. (1922-1924)
Turkmen S.S.R.	Ukrainian S.S.R.	Uzbek S.S.R.

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Russian Federation 12 Jun 1991                Russian S.F.S.R. adopts a declaration of state sovereignty.
12 Dec 1991                Russian S.F.S.R. Supreme Council passes a resolution denouncing
             the Union Treaty of 1922.
26 Dec 1991                Russian S.F.S.R. independent as Russia Federation (Russia)
   (style not endorsed constitutionally until 21 Apr 1992).

Presidents
10 Jul 1991 - 31 Dec 1999  Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin         (b. 1931 - d. 2007)  Non-party
21 Sep 1993 -  4 Oct 1993  Aleksandr Vladimirovich Rutskoy    (b. 1947)            Non-party
(acting; in dissidence)
 5 Nov 1996 -  6 Nov 1996  Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin    (b. 1938 - d. 2010)  NDR
(acting for Yeltsin) 
31 Dec 1999 -  7 May 2008  Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin       (b. 1952)            Non-party;
(1st time)(acting to 7 May 2000)                      2008: YR
 7 May 2008 -  7 May 2012  Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev      (b. 1965)            YR
 7 May 2012 -              Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin       (s.a.)               YR
  (2nd time)  

Prime ministers (chairman of the government 6 Nov 1991 - 14 Dec 1992 and
from 23 Dec 1993, chairman of the council of ministers 14 Dec 1992 - 23 Dec 1993)
26 Sep 1991 -  6 Nov 1991  Oleg Ivanovich Lobov (acting)      (b. 1937 - d. 2018)  Non-party
(deputy chairman of council of ministers)
 6 Nov 1991 - 14 Apr 1992  Gennadiy Eduardovich Burbulis      (b. 1945)            Non-party
(first deputy chairman of the government)
(acting) 
14 Apr 1992 - 14 Dec 1992  Yegor Timurovich Gaydar (Gaidar)   (b. 1956 - d. 2009)  Non-party
(first deputy chairman of the government to
             15 Jun 1992, then acting chairman of government)
(acting)
14 Dec 1992 - 23 Mar 1998  Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin    (s.a.)               NDR
(1st time)
23 Mar 1998                Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin         (s.a.)               Non-party
(acting)
23 Mar 1998 - 23 Aug 1998  Sergey Vladilenovich Kiriyenko     (b. 1962)            Non-party
(acting to 24 Apr 1998) 
23 Aug 1998 - 11 Sep 1998  Viktor Stepanovich Chernomyrdin    (s.a.)               NDR
(2nd time) (acting)
11 Sep 1998 - 12 May 1999  Yevgeniy Maksimovich Primakov      (b. 1929 - d. 2015)  Non-party
12 May 1999 -  9 Aug 1999  Sergey Vadimovich Stepashin        (b. 1952)            Non-party
(acting to 19 May 1999)
 9 Aug 1999 -  7 May 2000  Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin       (s.a.)               Non-party
(1st time)(acting to 16 Aug 1999)
 7 May 2000 - 24 Feb 2004  Mikhail Mikhaylovich Kasyanov      (b. 1957)            Non-party
(acting to 17 May 2000)
24 Feb 2004 -  5 Mar 2004  Viktor Borisovich Khristenko       (b. 1957)            Non-party
(acting)
 5 Mar 2004 - 14 Sep 2007  Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov         (b. 1950)            Non-party
(acting 7-12 May 2004 and from 12 Sep 2007)
14 Sep 2007 -  8 May 2008  Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov         (b. 1941)            Non-party
 (1st time)(acting from 7 May 2008)
 8 May 2008 -  7 May 2012  Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin       (s.a.)               YR
 (2nd time)
 7 May 2012 -  8 May 2012  Viktor Alekseyevich Zubkov         (s.a.)    Non-party
   (2nd time) (acting)
 8 May 2012 -              Dmitriy Anatolyevich Medvedev      (s.a.)               YR
(acting 7-8 May 2018)

Territorial Disputes: Russia remains concerned about the smuggling of poppy derivatives from Afghanistan through Central Asian countries; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia's military support and subsequent recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia independence in 2008 continue to sour relations with Georgia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on a one-fifth slice of the sea; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; Russia and Estonia signed a technical border agreement in May 2005, but Russia recalled its signature in Jun 2005 after the Estonian parliament added to its domestic ratification act a historical preamble referencing the Soviet occupation and Estonia's pre-war borders under the 1920 Treaty of Tartu; Russia contends that the preamble allows Estonia to make territorial claims on Russia in the future, while Estonian officials deny that the preamble has any legal impact on the treaty text; Russia demands better treatment of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia and Latvia; Russia remains involved in the conflict in eastern Ukraine while also occupying Ukraine's territory of Crimea; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov is suspended due to the occupation of Crimea by Russia; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on Nov 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the U.S.; Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission; Ukraine, U.S. and most other nations do not recognize Russia's 21 Mar 2014 annexation of Ukraine's Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the municipality of Sevastopol, nor their re-designation as the Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of Sevastopol.

Party abbreviations: YR = Yedinaya Rossiya (United Russia, Russian nationalist, conservative, V. Putin personalist, government party, Eurosceptic, est.1 Dec 2001);
- Former parties: NDR = Vserossiyskoye Obshchestvenno-Politicheskoye Dvizheniye "Nash Dom - Rossiya" (All-Russian Political Movement "Our Home - Russia", centrist, government party, 12 May 1995-12 May 2006)

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German Occupation in the Soviet Union

22 Jun 1941                German invasion of the Soviet Union begins, by Army Group North,
Army Group Centre and Army Group South (on 5 Jul 1941, the rear
area commanders assume "political and administrative" authority
in the rear of army groups).
25 Jul 1941                Militarily administered area ("Operation Area East") begins to
diminish as civil administrators (Reichskommissare) of Ostland
  (see under Latvia) and (from 1 Sep 1941) of Ukraine (see under
Ukraine) assume authority in parts of the former military area.
Nov 1942                   Maximum extent of German advance (Novgorod, Demyansk, Rzhev,
Smolensk, Orel, Voronezh, Stalingrad, Novorossik, Maikop,
Elista, and Nal'chik are all occupied and with Leningrad under
siege).
Oct 1943/Mar 1944          Rear areas of the army groups cease to exist in course of the
Soviet counter attack.
Jan/Jul 1944               Germans lose last military administered areas (Army Group South:
Kirovograd 8 Jan 1944; Army Group A [31 Mar 1944 renamed South
Ukraine]: Sevastopol' 9 May 1944; Army Group Middle: Mogilev
28 Jun 1944; Army Group North: Pskov 23 Jul 1944).
14 Nov 1944 – 12 May 1945  Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia founded in
             Prague by Andrey Andreyevich Vlasov (b. 1901 - d. 1946) commander
             of the anti-Communist Russian Liberation Army. Its first seat
is in Berlin, later in Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary).

Commanders-in-chief of Army Group North (Heeresgruppe Nord)
(first in the Baltic States, then in north-eastern part of Russian S.F.S.R.)
22 Jun 1941 – 16 Jan 1942  Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb            (b. 1876 - d. 1956)
17 Jan 1942 – 29 Jan 1944  Georg von Küchler    (b. 1881 - d. 1968)
31 Jan 1944 – 30 Mar 1944  Walter Model         (b. 1891 - d. 1945)
31 Mar 1944 –  3 Jul 1944  Georg Lindemann      (b. 1884 - d. 1963)
 4 Jul 1944 – 23 Jul 1944  Johannes Friessner                 (b. 1892 - d. 1971)
Commanders of (to 15 Mar 1942, Rear) Army Area North (Heeresgebiet Nord)
 5 Jul 1941 – 31 Mar 1943  Franz von Roques     (b. 1877 - d. 1967)
 1 Apr 1943 – 26 Mar 1944  Kuno-Hans von Both                 (b. 1884 - d. 1955)
26 Mar 1944                Post abolished

Commanders-in-chief of Army Group Centre (Heeresgruppe Mitte)
(first in Belarus, then in western part of Russian S.F.S.R. and eastern part of Belarus)
22 Jun 1941 – 18 Dec 1941  Fedor von Bock                     (b. 1880 - d. 1945)
19 Dec 1941 – 12 Oct 1943  Günther von Kluge    (b. 1882 - d. 1944)
12 Oct 1943 – 27 Jun 1944  Ernst Busch                        (b. 1885 - d. 1945) 
Commanders of (to 15 Mar 1942, Rear) Army Area Centre (Heeresgebiet Mitte)
 5 Jul 1941 –  6 Jul 1943  Max von Schenckendorff             (b. 1875 - d. 1943)
22 Jul 1943 – 30 Sep 1943  Ludwig Kübler        (b. 1889 - d. 1947)
 1 Oct 1943 – 21 Oct 1943  Edwin Graf von Rothkirch und Trach (b. 1888 – d. 1980)
21 Oct 1943                Post abolished
Commanders-in-chief of Army Group South (Heeresgruppe Sud)
( 9 Jul 1942 - 12 Feb 1943, renamed Army Group B [Heeresgruppe B])
(first in Ukraine, then in north-eastern part of Ukraine and Upper Don River area
of Russian S.F.S.R., finally in northern part of Ukraine)
22 Jun 1941 –  1 Dec 1941  Gerd von Rundstedt      (b. 1875 - d. 1953)
 1 Dec 1941 – 15 Jan 1942  Walter von Reichenau               (b. 1884 - d. 1942)
18 Jan 1942 – 15 Jul 1942  Fedor von Bock                     (s.a.)
15 Jul 1942 –  9 Feb 1943  Maximilian Freiherr von Weichs     (b. 1881 - d. 1954)
12 Feb 1943 – 31 Mar 1944  Erich von Manstein                 (b. 1887 - d. 1973)
Commanders of (to 15 Mar 1942, Rear) Army Area South (Heeresgebiet Sud)
(9 Jul 1942 – 14 Feb 1943, renamed B [Heeresgebiet B])
 5 Jul 1941 – 27 Oct 1941  Karl von Roques (1st time)         (b. 1880 - d. 1949)
27 Oct 1941 – 10 Jan 1942  Erich Friderici (1st time)         (b. 1885 - d. 1964)
10 Jan 1942 –  9 Jul 1942  Karl von Roques (2nd time)         (s.a.)
 9 Jul 1942 – 14 Feb 1943  Erich Friderici (2nd time)         (s.a.)
14 Feb 1943 –  1 Oct 1943  Joachim Witthöft                   (b. 1887 - d. 1966)
 1 Oct 1943                Post abolished

Commanders-in-chief of Army Group A (Heeresgruppe A)(split from Army Group South)
(first in south-eastern part of Ukraine and Crimea, then in North Caucasus
area of Russian S.F.S.R. and Crimea, finally in southern part of Ukraine and Crimea)
10 Jul 1942 – 10 Sep 1942  Wilhelm List         (b. 1880 - d. 1971)
10 Sep 1942 – 22 Nov 1942  Adolf Hitler (nominally)           (b. 1889 - d. 1945)
10 Sep 1942 – 22 Nov 1942  Hans von Greiffenberg              (b. 1893 - d. 1951)
(chief of general staff of the army group)

                            (de facto acting for Hitler) 
22 Nov 1942 – 30 Mar 1944  Ewald von Kleist                   (b. 1881 - d. 1954)
Commanders of Army Area A (Heeresgebiet A)
13 Jul 1942 – 20 Jul 1942  Friedrich-Wilhelm von Rothkirch    (b. 1884 - d. 1953)
und Panthen                    
20 Jul 1942 – 31 Dec 1942  Karl von Roques                    (s.a.)
 1 Jan 1943 – 17 Sep 1943  Otto Hartmann        (b. 1884 - d. 1952)
17 Sep 1943 –  8 Dec 1943  Helge Auleb                        (b. 1887 - d. 1964)
 8 Dec 1943                Post abolished

Commander-in-chief of Army Group Don (Heeresgruppe Don)(split from Army Group A)
(in Lower Don River area of Russian S.F.S.R. and south-eastern part of Ukraine)
21 Nov 1942 – 12 Feb 1943  Erich von Manstein                 (s.a.)
Commanders of Army Area Don (Heeresgebiet Don)
21 Nov 1942 – 31 Dec 1942  Friedrich Mieth (1st time)         (b. 1888 - d. 1944)
31 Dec 1942 – 12 Jan 1943  Karl Spang           (b. 1886 - d. 1979)
13 Jan 1943 – 12 Feb 1943  Friedrich Mieth (2nd time)         (s.a.)

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Far Eastern Republic

Map of Far Eastern Republic	Hear National Anthem  "Internatsional" (The Internationale)	Text of National Anthem (1920-1922) (de facto)	Basic Law (Constitution) (27 Apr 1921-15 Nov 1922)
Capital: Chita (Verkhneudinsk [Ulan-Ude] 7 Mar - 22 Oct 1920)	Currency: 1920-1922 Far Eastern Republic Ruble (Rubl')(DBRR)	National Holiday: 12 Feb (1921) Convocation of the Constituent Assembly	Population: 1,853,000 (1920 est.)
GDP: N/A	Exports: N/A Imports: N/A	Ethnic groups: Russian 65%, Ukrainian 19%, Buryat 6%, Korean 4%, Chinese 3%, other 3% (1920 est.)
Total Armed Forces: 40,800 (Nov 1920) Merchant marine: N/A	Religions: Russian Orthodox (incl. Old Believers) 70%, other Christian 3%, Buddhist 21%, traditional  beliefs (Shamanist) 5% (1915)
International Organizations/Treaties: None

 6 Apr 1920                Far Eastern Republic declares independence (claiming Amur,
       Transbaikal, Kamchatka, Primorskiy, and Sakhalin oblasti,
but initially only ruling part of Transbaikal oblast).
14 May 1920                Recognized by Russian S.F.S.R.
15 Jul 1920                Recognized informally by Japan (also by China Feb 1921).
 5 Aug 1920                Amur oblast joins the Far Eastern Republic.
22 Oct 1920                Remainder of Transbaikal oblast annexed.
12 Dec 1920                Maritime (including Khabarovsk) and Kamchatka (including Chukotka)
       oblasti join the Far Eastern Republic.
22 Mar 1921    Kamchatka (including Chukotka) ceded the Russian S.F.S.R.
(as agreed on 15 Dec 1920).
26 May 1921 - 25 Oct 1922  Primorye (Maritime) oblast in secession under "White" Russian
         administration (see under Russia civil war).
15 Nov 1922                Incorporated into the Russian S.F.S.R. (see Russian SFSR admin.)

Presiding member of the Presidium of the People's Revolutionary Authority
of the Far Eastern Republic
 6 Apr 1920 - 10 Nov 1920  Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Krasnoshchekov (b. 1880 - d. 1937)  RKP
   (chairman of interim managing board from 30 Oct 1920)
Chairmen of the Government of the Far Eastern Republic
10 Nov 1920 - 15 Sep 1921  Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Krasnoshchekov (s.a.)               RKP
15 Sep 1921 - 14 Nov 1922  Nikolay Mikhaylovich Matveyev         (b. 1876 - d. 1951)  RKP

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (Prime ministers)
Jul 1920 - 30 Oct 1920     Boris Zakharovich Shumyatskiy         (b. 1886 - d. 1938)  RKP
30 Oct 1920 - 26 Apr 1921  Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Krasnoshchekov (s.a.)               RKP
26 Apr 1921 -  2 Oct 1922  Pyotr Mikhaylovich Nikiforov          (b. 1882 - d. 1974)  RKP
 2 Oct 1922 - 14 Nov 1922  Pyotr Alekseyevich Kobozev            (b. 1878 - d. 1941)  RKP

Party abbreviation: RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Russian Marxist communist, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamed All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks])

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Swedish Ingria (Ingermanland)

1581 - 1590 Sweden occupies Narva (in Estonia), Ivangorod, Yama (now Kingisepp)
             and Koporye (Kaprio)(in 1590, retaken by Russia, except Narva).
10 Aug 1583                By Truce of Plussa (Plyussa) Sweden kept the annexed Russian towns
             of Ivangorod, Yama, Koporye, and Korela (Kexholm [modern
Priozyorsk]) holding control over Ingria; the king of Sweden
styled "Duke of Karelia and Ingria."
18 May 1595                Russia receives back all of Ingria (with the towns of Ivangorod,
             Yama, Koporye and Korela) by Treaty of Teusina (Tyavzin).
1609/1613                  Gradually occupied by Sweden (Ivangorod in 1610).
27 Feb 1617                Ingria ceded to Sweden by Russia in Treaty of Stolbovo (including
the province of Ingria, south-west Karelia and province of
             Kexholm (part of Finland to 1642), and fortress of Nöteborg [now
Shlisselburg]). The kings of Sweden adopt the style "Dukes of
             Karelians and Lords over Ingria."
1642 - 1656                Nyen (in present St. Petersburg) made capital of Ingria (in 1656
             the capital reverts to Narva because of Russian occupation of
Nyen 1656 - 1658).
12 May 1703                Occupied and annexed by Russia; city of St. Petersburg founded on
             27 May 1703 (Ivangorod occupied by Russia in 1704).
10 Sep 1721                Formally ceded to Russia by Sweden in Treaty of Nystad.

Stadholders in Narva (subject to governors of Estonia)
1581 - 1582                Carl Henriksson Horn af Kanckas       (b. c.1550 - d. 1601)
(1st time)
1582 - 1583                Hermann Pederson Fleming zu           (b. c.1520 - d. 1583)
Lechtis
1583 - 1584                Carl Henriksson Horn af Kanckas       (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1584 - 1585                Krister Gabrielsson friherre          (b. 1545 - d. 1592)
Oxenstierna
1585 - 1588                ....
1588 - 1590                Carl Henriksson Horn af Kanckas       (s.a.)
(3rd time)
1590 - 1609                Restored to Russia
1607 - 1613                Philip von Scheiding                  (b. 1578 - d. 1646) 
(not in Ingria until 1609)
1613 - 1615                Evert Karlsson Horn af Kanckas        (b. 1585 - d. 1615) 
1615 - 1617                Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud           (b. 1577 - d. 1657) 
Governors (Landshövding) over Ingermanland and Stadholders in Narva
(subject to the governors of Estonia)
1617 - 1620                Carl Carlsson friherre Gyllenhielm    (b. 1574 - d. 1650) 
1620 - 1622                Henrik Klasson Fleming    (b. 1584 - d. 1650) 
Governors over Ingermanland and Stadholders-General in Narva
(subject to the governors-general of Livonia)
1622 - 1626                Anders Eriksson Hästehufvud           (s.a.)
1626 - 1629                Nils Assersson Mannersköld (1st time) (b. 1586 - d. 1655)
1629                       Heinrich Matthias greve von Thurn     (b. 1567 - d. 1640)
1629 - 1642                Nils Assersson Mannersköld (2nd time) (a.a.)
1633 - 1634                Arvid Göransson Horn                  (b. 1590 - d. 1653)
(acting for absent Mannersköld)
Governors-general over Ingermanland and County of Kexholm
1642 - 1645                Erik Karlsson Gyllenstierna           (b. 1602 - d. 1657)
1645 - 1651                Carl Mörner          (b. 1605 - d. 1665)
1651 - 1654                Erik Gustavsson greve Stenbock        (b. 1612 - d. 1659)
till Bogesund, friherre till
Kronobäck och Öresten
1654 - 1657                Gustaf Evertsson friherre Horn        (b. 1614 - d. 1666)
af Marienborg
1657 - 1659                Krister Klasson friherre Horn af      (b. 1622 - d. 1692)
Åminne
1659 - 1664                Simon Grundel-Helmfelt (1st time)     (b. 1617 - d. 1677)
1664 - 1668                Jacob Johan Justusson friherre        (b. 1624 - d. 1695)
von Taube af Kudding (1st time)
1668 - 1673                Simon Grundel-Helmfelt (2nd time)     (s.a.)
1673 - 1678                Jacob Johan Justusson friherre        (s.a.)
von Taube af Kudding (2nd time)
1678                       Gustaf Adam greve Banér               (b. 1624 - d. 1681)
1678 - 1681                Jacob Johan Justusson friherre        (s.a.)
von Taube af Kudding (3rd time)
Governors over Ingermanland and County of Kexholm
28 Apr 1681 - 1682         Martin friherre Schultz von           (b. 1617 - d. 1682)
Ascheraden
1682 - 1683                Hans friherre Fersen, d.ä. (b. 1625 - d. 1683)
1683 - 1687                Göran greve Sperling                  (b. 1630 - d. 1691)
Governors-general over Ingermanland and County of Kexholm
1687 - 1691                Göran greve Sperling        (s.a.)
1691 - 1698                Otto Wilhelm friherre von Fersen      (b. 1623 - d. 1703)
 4 Jul 1698 - 1704         Otto greve von Wellingk               (b. 1649 - d. 1708)
1702 - 1704                Henrik Piper           (b. c.1645 - d. 1704)
(acting for absent Wellingk)

Swedish Noble titles: greve = count; friherre = baron.

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Kalmyk Khanate

c.1632                     The Torghut branch (called by others as the Kalmyks) of the
Mongolian Oirats settle along the lower Volga River (in modern
Russia and Kazakhstan), calling themselves the Oirat Horde.
16 Feb 1655                Russian suzerainty recognized, allowed to roam the east bank of
Volga up to Samara and west bank up to Tsaritsyn (modern
Volgograd).
1690        Becomes a khanate (title not recognized by Russia until 1697).
1715                       Russian resident placed at the Kalmyk court (from 4 Dec 1717,
Kalmyk areas included in the Astrakhan governorate of Russia).
16 Jan 1771                Ubashi and a majority (3/4) of the Kalmyks begun return to 
Dzungaria.
31 Oct 1771                Khanate abolished (announced 18 Dec 1771), direct rule by the
governor of Astrakhan (the Kalmyk affairs remain subject to
the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to 23 Mar 1825). 
27 Oct 1800 –  8 Nov 1803  Khanate briefly restored (approximately in boundaries of the
modern Kalmyk Republic).

Khans
1672 –  1 Mar 1724         Ayushi (Ayuka)(1st time)           (b. c.1642 - d. 1724)
       (principal ruler to 1690)
1714 –  2 Mar 1722         Chakdor Jab -Co-ruler              (d. 1722)
1724           Zargo (8-member council)
(acting)
 2 Oct 1724 – 26 Nov 1735  Tseren Dondog (Donduk)             (d. 1737)
(regent to 1 Mar 1731)
26 Nov 1735 –  2 Apr 1741  Dondog Ombo (Donduk Ombu)          (d. 1741)
(regent to 15 Mar 1737)
1741           Zargo (8-member council)
  (acting)
16 Sep 1741 –  2 Feb 1761  Dondog (Donduk) Dashi              (b. c.1690 - d. 1761)
(regent to 2 Apr 1757)
 2 Feb 1761 - 16 Jan 1771  Ubashi -Regent     (b. 1744 – d. 1774)
25 May 1771 – 31 Oct 1771  Knyaz' Aleksey Fyodorovich         (b. 1734 – d. 1781)
       Dondukov (Kalmyk: Dodbi) -Head
(interim)
31 Oct 1771 – 26 Oct 1800  Khanate abolished
27 Oct 1800 –  5 Jun 1803  Chuchey (Chugey) Tundutov -Regent  (b. 17.. - d. 1803)
Chief Bailiff
 5 Jun 1803 –  8 Nov 1803  Nikolay Ivanovich Strakhov         (b. 1768 – d. 1811?)
        (deputy chairman of the Zargo; in office 1802-04)

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Karafuto

Map of Karafuto

Capital: Toyohara (Ōtomari 1905-Oct 1908; Aleksandrovsk Jul-Nov 1905)

Currency: Japanese Yen (JPY) (1905-1945)

Population: 391,825 (1944 est.) Japanese Armed Forces:  19,000  (1945 est.)

1264 - c.1368              Vassal of China (under Yuan dynasty), named Kuyi.
1635                       First Japanese expedition to Sakhalin, under Murakami Kamon,
subsequently it is described/claimed as part of Matsumae domain
   (Hokkaidō), from 1815 named Kita Ezo (North Hokkaidō).
1679                       The Matsumae establish a settlement at Ōtomari (Korsakov).
 6 Sep 1689                Treaty of Nerchinsk does not mention Sakhalin, but it does
affirm that the Sino-Russian border is the Stanovoy Mountains
   and that the area south of them (nominally including Sakhalin)
   is under Chinese sovereignty.
1710                       China (Manchus) sends an expedition to Sahaliyan (Sakhalin). Then
    c.1750 troops land on Sakhalin (Sahaliyan ula angga hada), the
   island's population becomes dependent on China (Manchuria).
20 Oct 1806                Lieutenant Nikolay Alexandrovich Khvostov (b. 1776 - d. 1809)
     claims Sakhalin for Russia.
1845                       Japan proclaims its sovereignty over Sakhalin.
 3 Oct 1853 Sakhalin claimed for Russia by Capt. Gennadiy Ivanovich Nevelskoy
     (b. 1813 - d. 1876). Post named Muravyevskiy established near
     the Japanese trading post as military base (under Nikolay
     Busse), it is withdrawn on 11 Jun 1854 (burned down 3 Jul 1855).
 7 Feb 1855                Treaty of Shimoda signed between Russia and Japan declares that
         both nationals could inhabit the island, Russians in the North
         and Japanese in the South (ratified 7 Dec 1856, confirmed on
30 Mar 1867 by temporary regulations).
 2 Sep 1855 - Apr 1856     Urup Island is occupied by a joint Franco-British naval detachment,
   and renamed "l'Isle de l'Alliance" as part of the operations
during the Crimean War. A local named Alcausti Artemi (Aleousti
Artemi) is named provisional governor.
28 Jul 1856                Russian Lieutenant-Commander Nikolay Matveyevich Chikhachev
(b. 1830 - d. 1917) founds Due (Duė), the first permanent Russian
     settlement.
14 Nov 1860                China cedes all the land north of the Amur and east of the Ussuri
   River (nominally including Sakhalin) to Russia by Convention
       of Peking (ratified 26 Dec 1860).
20 Sep 1869                Japanese rename Kita Ezo as Karafuto.
 4 Sep 1875                Sakhalin incorporated into Russia, in exchange for Japan obtaining
         all of the Kuril Islands (on 15 Sep 1875) by Treaty of Saint
       Petersburg (signed 4 May 1875, ratified 22 Aug 1875).
1884                       Sakhalin special department (within Amur kray).
 7 Jul 1905                Japan invades Sakhalin (Korsakov occupied 8 Jul 1905 and
Alexandrovsk on 24 Jul 1905. Russian forces surrender in the
       South on 16 Jul 1905 and in North on 31 Jul 1905).
 5 Sep 1905                Karafuto (Southern Sakhalin Island) annexed to Japan and
Northern Sakhalin is restored to Russia (on 13 Nov 1905) by
       the Treaty of Portsmouth (ratified 25 Nov 1905).
 1 Apr 1907                Karafuto Agency replaces Karafuto Department of Civil Affairs
       (by edict dated 14 Mar 1907; under Ministry of Colonial Affairs
   from 10 Jun 1929). 
22 Apr 1920 - 25 May 1925  Northern Sakhalin occupied by Japan (see under Russia civil war).
 1 Nov 1942                Karafuto Agency is transferred from the Ministry of Colonial
Affairs to the Ministry of Home Affairs.
 1 Apr 1943                Karafuto Incorporated into the Japan proper as a prefecture
     (by imperial edict of 26 Mar 1943).
11 Aug 1945                Soviet invasion of Southern Sakhalin (Esutoru occupied 16 Aug 1945,
Maoka 20 Aug 1945, Toyohara and Ōtomari on 25 Aug 1945, with 
Japanese resistance ending on 2 Sep 1945).
 2 Jan 1946                Karafuto government abolished (formally by Japan on 1 Jun 1949).
 2 Feb 1946                Incorporation into Soviet Union as Yuzhnyy-Sakhalin (Southern
Sahkalin) oblast (see Russian SFSR Admin.).
 8 Sep 1951                Japan formally renounces sovereignty over Southern Sakhalin
             by the Treaty of San Francisco (ratified 28 Apr 1952).

Japanese Sakhalin Military Commanders (of 13th Army Division)
 7 Jul 1905 -  6 Jul 1906  Kensai Haraguchi                   (b. 1847 - d. 1919)
 6 Jul 1906 - 31 Mar 1907  Seizō Okazaki      (b. 1851 - d. 1910)
Director of the Department of Civil Affairs
28 Jul 1905 - 31 Mar 1907  Kiichirō Kumagai                   (b. 1866 - d. 1949)
Directors of the Karafuto Agency (governors)
 1 Apr 1907 - 24 Apr 1908  Sachihiko Kusunose                 (b. 1858 - d. 1927) 
24 Apr 1908 - 12 Jun 1908  Takejirō Tokonami  (b. 1867 - d. 1935)
12 Jun 1908 -  5 Jun 1914  Sadatarō Hiraoka                   (b. 1863 - d. 1942)
 5 Jun 1914 -  9 Oct 1916  Bunji Okada          (b. 1874 - d. 1943)
13 Oct 1916 - 17 Apr 1919  Akira Sakaya (1st time)            (b. 1870 - d. 1946)
17 Apr 1919 - 11 Jun 1924  Kinjirō Nagai     (b. 1874 - d. 1927)
11 Jun 1924 -  5 Aug 1926  Akira Sakaya (2nd time)            (s.a.)
 5 Aug 1926 - 27 Jul 1927  Katsuzō Toyoda      (b. 1882 - d. 1939)
27 Jul 1927 -  9 Jul 1929  Kōji Kita  (b. 1878 - d. 1934)
 9 Jul 1929 - 17 Dec 1931  Shinobu Agata  (b. 1881 - d. 1942)
17 Dec 1931 -  5 Jul 1932  Masao Kishimoto         (b. 1881 - d. 1963)
 5 Jul 1932 -  7 May 1938  Takeshi Imamura      (b. 1880 - d. 1960)
 7 May 1938 -  9 Apr 1940  Shun'ichi Munesue                  (b. 1893 - d. 1954)
 9 Apr 1940 -  1 Jul 1943  Masanori Ogawa                     (b. 1894 - d. 1977)
 1 Jul 1943 - 30 Dec 1945  Toshio Ōtsu  (b. 1893 - d. 1958)
Soviet Military Commander (of 16th Army)
11 Aug 1945 - 27 Aug 1945  Leontiy Georgiyevich Cheremisov    (b. 1893 - d. 1967)  Mil
Heads of the Soviet Military Administration of Karafuto
27 Aug 1945 - 30 Sep 1945  Mikhail Vasilyevich Alimov         (b. 1899 - d. 1978)  Mil
(deputy commander of 56th Rifle Corps)
 1 Oct 1945 -  2 Feb 1946  Maksim Alekseyevich Purkayev       (b. 1894 - d. 1953)  Mil
  (commander of Far Eastern Military District)

Chief of the Civil Administration of Southern Sakhalin (from 2 Feb 1946,
Chief of the Southern Sakhalin Oblast Administration for Civil Affairs)
23 Sep 1945 -  1 Apr 1947  Dmitriy Nikolayevich Kryukov       (b. 1899 - d. 1985)  Mil

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Tannu Tuva

1922 - 1925 (reconstruction)	1925 - 1930	18 Oct 1930 - 2 Jul 1935
2 Jul 1935 - 25 Jun 1941	25 Jun 1941 - 8 Sep 1943	8 Sep 1943 - 11 Oct 1944
8 Sep 1943 - 11 Oct 1944 Possible Variant

Map of Tannu Tuva	Hear National Anthem "Tyva Internatsional" (Tuvan Internationale)	Text of National Anthem (1926?- 1944)	Constitutions (23 Sep 1921-1924, 1924, 1926, 1930, 25 Jun 1941-1944)
Capital: Kyzyl (Khem-Beldyr 1918-1926, Belotsarsk 1914-1918)	Currency: 1935-1944 Aksha (TVAA); Russian/Soviet Ruble (RUFS) 1921-1935 (1 Aksha = 1.31 Soviet  Rubles [1944])	National Holiday (1930's - 1944): 14 Aug (1921) Anniversary of National- Liberation Revolution ---------------------------------- (1920's-1930's): 14 Aug (1921) Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic	Population: 95,400 (1944) 60,000 (1918)
GNP: 25.8 million TVAA (1943)	Exports: 740,000 RUFS (1926) Imports: 810,000 TVAA (1941) 1,565,000 RUFS (1926)	Ethnic groups: Tuvan 85%, Russian 14.4%, other 0.6%% (1944)
Total Armed Forces: 1,500 (1932) Merchant marine: None	Religions: Tibetan Buddhist, Tengrist (Shamanist),  Russian Orthodox Christian, Orthodox Old Believers
International Organizations/Treaties 1921-1944: None

Note: Names in are given using modern (post-1945) Tuvan and (from 1921) with Russian in parentheses using the BGN/PCGN romanization system.

1207                       Mongol rule.
end 16th-early 17th cent.  Most of the Tuvinian tribes under the dominion of Sholoy
Ubashi the first Altyn-Khan ("Golden Khan").
1616                       Nomadic Tuvans in the Khemchik valley (western Tuva) swear an
             oath of allegiance to Russia before Vasiliy of Tyumen envoy of
             the Czar.
1688 - 1756 Under the Dörben Oyirad (Dzungaria)(see under China).
21 Oct 1727                Chinese sovereignty recognized by Russia under Treaty of Kyakhta
             which established the northern border of Mongolia (then
including Tuva)(ratified 28 Jun 1728).
Mar 1756                   Formally annexed to China (as Tangnu Wulianghai).
1759   Tangnu Wulianghai (Mongolian: Tangnuu Uriyangkhay) organized into
             an administrative system similar to Mongolia with four, later
   five, Banners (khoshuns)(Oyun, Tannu, Kemchik, Salchak, and
later Tozhu). Each Banner was governed by a chief. In 1762 a
paramount chief (Bügüde-darga [Amban Noyan]) is appointed to
administer the area. From 1786, the chiefs of the Oyun Banner
are made the paramount chiefs.
1839/56 Russian settlement of the region begins.
 7 Oct 1864                Treaty of Tarbagatai (Tacheng) border protocol between China
and Russia that defines most of the western extent of their
border in central Asia, between Outer Mongolia and Kokand.
16/29 Dec 1911             Mongolia declares independence from China, nominally including
             Tagna Uriankhay (Russia supported Outer Mongolian autonomy,
             but rejects Outer Mongolia's claim on Tuva [then spelled Touva]).
Jan 1912                   A meeting of Tuvan banner chiefs declares the territory of several
   banners "independent" and "under Russian protectorate", but
   this does not lead to the emergence of a polity or a Tuvan
   central authority.
15 Feb 1912                Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy requests Russian protection for his
             banner, which is never given an official reply, however Russian
             troops are sent in to protect Russian settlers.
30 Jul 1914                Russian protectorate declared over the area of modern Tuva
as the Uryankhay Territory (Uryankhayskiy kray)(Old Style date
             17 Jul 1914)(by proclamation of 17 Apr [O.S. 4 Apr] 1914).
1916       Buyan Badarkhüü, chief of the Khemchik banner (the largest in
Tuva) calls on China to accept the submission of his banner.
13 Jun 1917                Congress of Russian colonists requests annexation by Russia.
Aug 1917                   Russian Provisional Government confirms Russian protectorate.
18 Jun 1918                A joint Congress of the Russian and Tuvan populations adopts an
agreement on the self-determination of Tuva, which includes an
article about the rights of Russian citizens.
 7 Jul 1918 -  2 Aug 1919  Occupation of Central and Northern Tuva by "White" Russian
(originally Siberian) military forces. 
Jan 1919 - Mar 1921        Chinese troops occupy Western Tuva (declaring Tuva [along with
Mongolia] to be re-incorporated into China on 19 Feb 1920).
Mar 1919 - Jul 1920        Mongolian troops occupy Southern (from Sep 1919, also Central)
Tuva.
 2 Aug 1919 -  4 Sep 1919  Soviet Partisans of Siberia occupy Central and Northern Tuva.
Dec 1920                   Soviet Red Army takes Belotsarsk (Khem-Beldyr) and by Mar 1921 all
             of Tuva.
Apr 1921 - May 1921        "White" Russian invasion from Mongolia led by Ilya Grigoryevich
Kazantsev (d. 1921), subordinated to Baron Ungern-Sternberg
(and nominally on behalf of Mongolia).
14 Aug 1921                Independence declared (People's Republic of Tannu Tuva [Respublika
             Tannu Tuva Ulus])(under Soviet Russia protectorate). 
16 Aug 1926                Independence recognized by Mongolia in the Mongolia-Tuva Treaty of
Friendship and Mutual Recognition.
24 Nov 1926                Renamed Tuvinian People's Republic (Respublika Tuva Arad Ulus).
1929                       Darxad (Darkhad) region ceded to Mongolia.
28 Jun 1930                By decree a Latin script orthography using the Uniform Turkic
             alphabet was introduced, and Tuvan (Tyv) became an official
             language (prior the language was not written and the Classic
Mongolian script and language was used for official purposes).
 8 Sep 1943                By decision Tuvan orthography switched to (Russian) Cyrillic.
17 Aug 1944                Tuva declared part of the Soviet Union.
11 Oct 1944                Annexed to the Soviet Union (effective 1 Nov 1944) as part
of the Russian S.F.S.R.

Chairman of the Organizing Bureau of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 
29 Oct 1921 - Mar 1922     Monggush Ayyzhy oglu Nimachap      (b. 1879 - d. 1932)
(Mongush Nimachap [Nimazhap])
Chairmen of the Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 
Mar 1922 -  9 Jul 1923     Maady Dalay oglu Lopsang-Osur      (b. 1876 - d. 1934?)
(Maady Dalaydovich Lopsan-Osur)
 9 Jul 1923 - 15 Mar 1924  Oyun Kenden oglu Kürsedi           (b. 1884 - d. 1924)
(Oyun Kenden oglu Kyursedi [Kursedi])
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 
Apr 1924 - Jan 1926        Shalyk? Shagdyr
(Shalyk? Shagdyr)
First Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 
Jan 1926 - Feb 1927        Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu           (b. 1892 - d. 1932) 
  Buyan-Badyrgy
(Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy)
Feb 1927 - Jan 1929        Oorzhak Donggak? oglu Sodunam      (b. 1901 - d. ....)   
(Sodunam Oorzhak Dongak [Donchaa] oglu)
Jan 1929 - Mar 1932        Irgit Chapsyn oglu Shagdyrzhap     (b. 1899 - d. 1959)
(Irgit Chapsynovich Shagdyrzhap)
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
 6 Mar 1932 -  1 Nov 1944  Maady (from 1933, Salchak)         (b. 1901 - d. 1973)
Surasovich Toka  
(from 1944, Toka Kalbak-Khörek oglu Salchak)
(= Salchak Kalbakhorekovich Toka,
1940-1942 Tozhu Surasovich Toka)

Paramount Chiefs (title Bügüde-darga [Amban Noyan])
1762 - 1769 Manadzhab
1769 - 1780                Humudzhap
1780 - 1786                Deleg-Dashi
1786 - 1792          Oyun Dazhy
1792 - 1795                Oyun Dazhy oglu Danzyn
1795 - 1817                Oyun Danzyn oglu Sedenbal
1817 - 1827      Oyun Sedenbal oglu Badyzhap
1827 - 1865      Oyun Sedenbal oglu Lamazhap
1865 - 1867    Oyun Sedenbal oglu Shyndazyn
1867 - 1899     Oyun Shyndazyn oglu Ölzey-Ochur
1899 - 1915 Oyun Ölzey-Ochur oglu Kombu-Dorzhu
1915 - 1916 Irgit Agbaan-Demchi (usurper)
1916 - 1921                Oyun Kombu-Dorzhu oglu Sodunam-    (b. 1897 - d. 1924)
Balchyr
Russian Civil Commissioners for the Affairs of Uryankhay
Jul 1914 - early 1915      Andrey Petrovich Tsererin          (b. 188. - d. 19..)  Non-party
early 1915 - 24 Mar 1917   Viktor Yuventinovich Grigoryev     (b. 1862 - d. 1918)  Non-party
Chairman of the Kray Committee of Public Safety
24 Mar 1917 - Nov 1917     Aleksandr Petrovich Yermolayev     (b. 1886 - d. 1919)  PSR
    (from 27 Apr 1917, also commissar of Russian
Provisional Government)
Commissar of the Russian Provisional Government 
Nov 1917 - 25 Mar 1918     Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (b. 1876 - d. 1919)  Non-party?
             (1st time)
Chairmen of the Executive of Kray Committee of the Soviet of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies 
25 Mar 1918 -  2 May 1918  Stepan Konstantinovich Bespalov    (b. 1895 - d. 1918)  RSDRP-B
 7 May 1918 -  7 Jul 1918  Mikhail Minayevich Terentyev       (b. 1882 - d. 1952)  PLSR
Commissar (from early 1919, Administrator) of the Russian (originally Siberian)
Provisional Government
 7 Jul 1918 -  2 Aug 1919  Aleksey Aleksandrovich Turchaninov (s.a.)     Non-party?
             (2nd time)
Commander of the (Soviet) Trans-Mana (Zamanskaya) Peasant Partisan Army (at Khem-Beldyr)
 2 Aug 1919 -  4 Sep 1919  Aleksandr Diomidovich Kravchenko   (b. 1880 - d. 1923)  Mil
Chinese Commissioner for Tangnu Wulianghai (at Chadan)
Jan 1919 - Mar 1921        Yan Shichao (Yen Shih-ch'ao)       (b. 1881? - d. 19..) Mil
Mongolian Ministers at Tagna Uriankhay (from Sep 1919, at Khem-Beldyr)
Mar 1919 - Nov 1919        Khatanbaatar Sandagdorjiin         (b. 1878 - d. 1927)  Mil
Magsarjav 
Nov 1919 - Jul 1920        Dilov Khutagt Baashluu Ovogtoy     (b. 1883 - d. 1965)  Non-party
Zhamsranzhav (Jamsranjav)
Chairman of Kray Revolutionary Committee
Jul 1920 - Aug 1920        Pavel Safronovich Medvedev         (b. 1901 - d. 1968)  Non-party
Russian Soviet Representative (at Khem-Beldyr)
11 Aug 1920 - 13 Aug 1921  Innokentiy Georgiyevich Safyanov   (b. 1873 - d. 1953)  RKP
Chairman of the All-Tuvan Constituent Khural
14 Aug 1921 - 15 Aug 1921  Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu           (s.a.)  Non-party
Buyan-Badyrgy
(Ak-Mongush Buyan-Badyrgy) 
Chairmen of the General Central Council
15 Aug 1921 - 28 Feb 1922  Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu           (s.a.)            Oct 1921:TNRP
Buyan-Badyrgy             
 1 Mar 1922 - 15 Aug 1922  Maady Dalay oglu Lopsang-Osur      (s.a.)               TNRP
(Maady Dalaydovich Lopsan-Osur)
15 Aug 1922 -  1 Oct 1923  Salchak Idam-Sürün                                      TNRP
(Salchak Idam-Syuryun)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Little Khural
 1 Oct 1923 -  4 Feb 1929  Monggush Ayyzhy oglu Nimachap      (s.a.)               TNRP
(Mongush Nimachap [Nimazhap])
 5 Feb 1929 -  5 Oct 1933  Adyg-Tülüsh Lopsang oglu Chüldüm   (b. 1900 - d. 1933)  TNRP
(Adyg Tyulyush Lopsonovich Chulydum)
1933 - Feb 1938            Adyg-Tülüsh Oolchukkay oglu        (b. 1893 - d. 1938)  TNRP
Khemchik-ool
(Adyg-Tyulyush [Tulush] Oolchukay oglu Khemchik-ool)
 2 Mar 1938 -  4 Apr 1940  Oyun Oyun oglu Polat               (b. 1906 - d. 1992)  TNRP 
(Oyun Oyunovich Polat)
 6 Apr 1940 -  1 Nov 1944  Khertek Amyrbit kyzy Anchymaa (f)  (b. 1912 - d. 2008)  TNRP
(Khertek Amyrbitovna Anchymaa-Toka) 

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (prime ministers)
 1 Oct 1923 - 18 Sep 1924  Ak-Monggush Khaydyp oglu     (s.a.)               TNRP
Buyan-Badyrgy
18 Sep 1924 - 1925         Soyan Oruygu         (b. 1876 - d. 19..)  TNRP
(Soyan Oruygu)
1925 - Jan 1929            Kuular Dazhy oglu Donduk           (b. 1888 - d. 1932)  TNRP
(Kuular Dazhyevich Donduk)
Jan 1929 - 1929            Adyg-Tyulyush Khemchik-ool         (s.a.)               TNRP
1929 - Feb 1938            Sat Sany-Shiri oglu Chürmit-Dazhy  (b. 1894 - d. 1938)  TNRP
(Sat Sany-Shiri oglu Churmet-Dazhi)
Oct 1938 - May 1940        Ondar Khüreng-ool oglu Bayyr       (b. 1904 - d. 1986)  TNRP
(Aleksey Shirinmeyevich Bair)
22 Jun 1941 -  1 Nov 1944  Saryg-Donggak Manygy oglu Chymba   (b. 1906 - d. 1985)  TNRP 
(Aleksandr Manygeyevich Chimba) 

Party abbreviations: TNRP = Tuvinskaya Narodno-Revolyutsionnaya Partiya (Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party, socialist, reorganized Jul 1923, from Apr 1941 Marxist-Leninist, state party, 29 Oct 1921-11 Oct 1944, merged into Vsesoyuznaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bolshevikov)[All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: PLSR = Partiya Levykh Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, democratic socialist, 1917–1923, split from PSR, allied with RSDRP-B/RKP); PSR = Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (Party of Socialists - Revolutionaries, "SRs", democratic socialist, agrarian socialist, split Aug 1917 into Left [became PLSR] and Right wings, Jan 1902-1923); RKP = Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Communist Party [Bolsheviks], Russian Marxist communist, former RSDRP-B, 8 Mar 1918 - 31 Dec 1925, renamed All-Union Communist Party [Bolsheviks]); RSDRP-B = Rossiyskaya Sotsial-Demokraticheskaya Rabochaya Partiya (Bol'shevikov)(Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party [Bolsheviks], Russian revolutionary socialist, Marxist communist, 1 Mar 1898-8 Mar 1918, renamed RKP)

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Chechnya (pre-1920)  

c.1640                     Turlo house begins rule, based in village of Chechen (Chechen-Aul)
             (by the early 18th century their authority extended to much of
             lowland Nokhch people who began to be referred by others as
             the "Chechen").
1733        Turlo declare loyalty to Russia (again 1747 and 1781), other
     lowland princely rulers (Bragun, Germenchuk) do the same (five
highland Chechen confederacies remain unaffiliated with Russia).
1784          Anti-Russian movement, led by Sheikh Mansur (b. 1760 – d. 1794)
1785-1791, eliminates princely rule (at the end of the 18th
century there are a total of eight or nine Chechen confederacies)
12 Oct 1813                Persia cedes its (nominal) sovereignty over Northeast Caucasus
to Russia by the Treaty of Gulistan.
1819 Groznaya (from Dec 1869 renamed Grozny) established by Russia.
1825                       People's Assembly (Mekhk Kkhetasho), in existence for centuries,
attempts to create a single political and military authority,
based at Shali (from 1830 subjected to the Imamate).
Dec 1829 -  6 Sep 1859     "Caucasian" Imamate established (in Dagestan and Chechnya),
based at Gimry (1829-32), Gotsatl (1832-34), Akhulgo (1834-39),
             Dargo (1839-45) and Vedeno (1845-59); although Imamate covered
             Chechnya from 1830, the Imam (originally elected only by
Dagestanis) was elected by the Chechens only on 19 Mar 1840.
 6 Sep 1859                Chechnya incorporated into Russia (Vedeno occupied 13 Apr 1859).
13 Apr 1877 – 27 Nov 1877  Rebellions under Aldamov and as-Suguri.
 2 Dec 1917                Independence declared (Emirate of Chechnya).
11 May 1918 - May 1919     Part of the North Caucasian Mountain Republic.
 4 Feb 1919 -  7 Mar 1920  Grozny occupied by "White" Russian forces.
19 Sep 1919 - May 1921     Emirate of the North Caucasus proclaimed at Vedeno.
20 Jan 1921                Part of Russian S.F.S.R. (see under Russian S.F.S.R. admin.).

Turlo Rulers (from 1746, Senior Rulers) of Chechen (title: Eli, Turkic title: Bek)
1695 – 1708                Muhammad (Bammat)                  (d. 1708)
1708 – 1728                Amir Hamza         (d. 1728)
1728 – 1732        Hasbolat                           (d. 1732)
1732 – 1746                Aidemir            (d. 1746)
1746 – 1757                Ali Bek                            (d. 1759)
1757 – 1770                Arslan Bek (1st time)              (d. 1784)
1770 – 1771                Ahmad Khan                         (d. 1771)
1771 – 1775    Ali Sultan                         (d. 1775)
1775 – 1784                Arslan Bek (2nd time)              (s.a.)
Chief of the People (title: Mekhk Da)(referred by Russians to as Ataman])
1825 – 1830                Bibolat Taimi                      (b. 1779 – d. 1832)
(from c.1807 supreme commander, title: Bachcha)
Imams in Dagestan and Chechnya (also styled Emir al-Mu´minin c.1845 - 1859)
Dec 1829 - 29 Oct 1832     Ghazi Muhammad ibn Muhammad        (b. 1795 - d. 1832)
al-Gimravi 
(= Gazi Mukhammad Gimrinskiy)
Nov 1832 - 19 Sep 1834     Hamza Bek ibn Ali Iskandar Bek     (b. 1789 - d. 1834)
   al-Hutsali ("Khamzat-bek")       
     (= Gamzat-bek Gotsatlinskiy) 
 9 Oct 1834 -  6 Sep 1859  Shamil ibn Muhammad al-Gimravi     (b. 1797 - d. 1871)
(= Shamil' Gimrinskiy)
13 Apr 1877 - 27 Nov 1877  Ali Bek Haji             (b. 1850 - d. 1878)
(= Alibek Khadzhi Aldamov Zandakskiy)
(in Chechnya)
29 Aug 1877 –  3 Nov 1877  Muhammad Haji as-Suguri            (b. 1839 - d. 1877)
(= Mukhammad Khadzhi Sogratlinskiy)
(in Dagestan)
10 Aug 1917 - 1918         Najmuddin Hotso (Najm al-Din)      (b. 1859 - d. 1925)
(= Nazhmudin Gotsinskiy) 
May 1918 - Sep 1918        Khayir al-Salti ("Uzun Haji")      (b. 1848 - d. 1920)
(= Khayir "Uzun" Khadzhi Saltinskiy)
Imams and Emirs
19 Sep 1919 - May 1920     Khayir al-Salti ("Uzun Haji")      (s.a.)
Aug 1920 - May 1921        Said Bek           (d. 1925)

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Circassia 1475                       Ottomans rule in Anapa (part of Genoese Gazaria since 1300),
             which from 1568 is part of Kefe Elayet (from 1774, Trebizon
Elayet), and claim Circassia.
18 Sep 1739                Russia drops claims (originating in the 16th century) to Circassia
in the Treaty of Belgrade (ratified 5 Nov 1739).
1791       Anapa briefly occupied by Russia (again 1807, 1809-1812, 1828-1829)
14 Sep 1829   Ottomans cede Anapa, and nominal sovereignty over Circassia, to
             Russia in the Treaty of Adrianople (ratified 20 Sep 1829). The
             Great Assembly (Khase Shkho), representing 12 or 14 tribes of
Circassians (Adyge), begins to meet regularly and proclaims an
independent tribal confederacy (confirmed 1834, 1841, 1848,
             and 1856).
1838                       Russian rule over the Circassian coastline (Novorossiysk, Tuapse,
Sochi [already in Gelendzik from 1831 and Adler from 1837]).
1842 – 1859   Caucasus Imamate governors (naibs), largely independent, rule
             varying parts of Circassia and eliminates princely rule.
1855                       Russians abandon the Circassian coastline (except Novorossiysk),
             but soon begins re-occupation (Anapa in 1856, Tuapse in 1859,
             Sochi in 1864).
1857                       Russians found Maykop (Maikop).
1859 – 1864                Circassian tribes surrender to Russia (Temirgoy, Natukhai, and
Besleney in 1860; Abadzekh in 1863; Shapsug and Ubykh in 1864).
13 Jun 1861                A unified Circassian republic proclaimed.
18 Mar 1864                Circassians suffer final defeat, the Russian army enters the
Ubykh country.
1864                       Russia forces a majority of the Circassians to emigrate to the
             the Ottoman Empire.

Senior Rulers of Temirgoy (title: Pshi Thamate)(in north-east Circassia)
(claimed precedence among Circassians as 'Rulers of all Rulers' with title: Pshi Pshiguashe)
17.. – 1808                Bezruk Bolotoko                    (d. 1808)
(Bolotoko family has alternate name Aiteko)
1808 – 1827                Misost Bolotoko                    (d. 1827)
1827 – 1837                Jambolat Bolotoko                  (d. 1837)
            (last significant Temirgoy ruler, 1830 declares loyalty to Russia)
Wali of Circassia (a senior ruler of Besleney; in south-east Circassia)
1841 – c.1842   Kazbek Kanoko
Naibs of Caucasus Imamate for Circassia (based at Abadzekh country, in central Circassia)
May 1842 – 1844            Haji Muhammad                      (d. 1844)
1845 – 1846                Suleiman Efendi
1848 – 20 Nov 1859         Muhammad Amin                      (b. 1818 – d. 1899)
Wali of Circassia (in or near Anapa, of Natukhai tribe; mostly in opposition to Imamate)
1855 – 1857                Sefer Bey Zanoko                   (b. 1789 – d. 1859)
Head of Supreme Council (Majilis)(in or near Sochi, of Ubykh tribe)
1861 – 1864                Haji Kerenduk Dogomuko Berzek      (b. 1804 – d. 1881)

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Kabarda and Dependencies c.1453                     Kabardian polity established.
1561    Allied with Russia (swore loyalty to Russia in 1615); by the
             middle of the 17th century (until the very end of the 18th
             century) Kabarda dominated in varying degree over (North-)
Ossetia, Ingushetia, Balkaria and Karachay.
18 Sep 1739                Independence recognized by the Ottoman Empire (it claimed Kabarda
from 1475) and Russia in the Treaty of Belgrade.
1769                       Under the Russian suzerainty (confirmed in 1771), recognized by
   the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 21 Jul 1774;
             the polity dissolved and annexed to Russia in 1822.
1803                       Vladikavkaz (in present North Ossetia) re-founded by Russia.
1806 - 1828                Subjection to Russia formally accepted by the former Kabardian
dependencies ([North-] Ossetia 1806, Ingushetia 1811, 
Balkaria 1827, and Karachay 1828).
1820 - 1829                Karachay disputed between the Ottoman Empire and Russia (in 1820
             claimed by the Ottomans as not covered by the 1774 Treaty,
             neutrality agreed by Russia in 1826, Russian occupation 1828,
ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Adrianople 14 Sep 1829). 

Great Rulers (title: Pshi Shkhue) and Walis of Kabarda [elected from 4 families]
c.1695 – 1709              Kurgok Atajuko       (d. 1709)
1710 – 1720                Atajuk II Misosto                  (d. 1720)
1720 – 1732                Islam Bek Misosto                  (b. c.1660 – d. 1732)
1720 – 1721                Aslan Bek II Kaytuko (1st time)    (d. 1746)
             (in opposition)
1732 – 1737                Tatar Khan Bekmurza                (d. 1737)
1737 – 1746                Aslan Bek II Kaytuko (2nd time)    (s.a.)
1747 – 1749                Batok Bekmurza        (d. 1749)
1749 – 1762                Muhammad (Bammat) Atajuko          (d. 1762)
1762 – 1773                Kasay Atajuko          (d. 1773)
1773 – 1785                Jankhot II Bekmurza                (d. 1785)
1785 – 1788                Misost II Atajuko                  (d. 1788)
1788 – 1806                Atajuk III Kaytuko                 (d. 1806)
               (

exiled to Ukraine 1795-1799)
1806 – 1822                Kuchuk Bekmurza       (b. 1758 – d. 1830)
Wali of Karachay
1820 - 1828                Islam Biy Krimshaukhal             (b. c.1764 - d. af.1834)

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Don Cossack Host

c.1549                     Don Cossack Host recorded for the first time, ruled by an elected
             Ataman.
1570    Formally accepted suzerainty of the Russian Tsar.
1617 - 1708                All-Great Don Cossack Host.
1708    Cossack rebellion, led by Ataman Bulavin.
1708 - 1721                Autonomy effectively ended by Russia (1708 the Host included in
             the Azov governorate; 1721 ceased to be treated by Russia through
the Collegiate of Foreign Affairs, Ataman becomes an appointed
             position in 1723).
21 Jul 1774                Azov ceded to Russia by the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Küçük
Kaynarca (annexed 1471 from Genoese Gazaria; under the Russian
             and Don Cossack occupations 1696-1711, 1736-39, 1769-74).
1870                       Province of the Don Host.
20 Mar 1917 -  8 Jan 1920  Don Cossack Host assumes supreme authority in the Don Host oblast
             (see under Russian Civil War Polities).

Atamans of the Don Cossack Host
1699 - 1701                Ilya Grigoryevich Zershchikov      (d. 1709)
(1st time)
1701 - 1703                Lukyan Maksimovich Maksimov        (d. 1708)
(1st time)
1703 - 1705                Yakim Filipyevich Filipyev
1705 - 1706                Ilya Grigoryevich Zershchikov      (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1706 - 1708                Lukyan Maksimovich Maksimov        (s.a.)
(2nd time)
1708           Kondratiy Afanasyevich Bulavin     (b. c.1660 - d. 1708)
1708                       Ilya Grigoryevich Zershchikov      (s.a.)
             (3rd time)
1708 - 1715                Pyotr Yemelyanovich Ramazanov      (d. 1715)
(appointed by Tsar for life 1709)
1715 - 1716                Mikhail Kumshatskiy
1716 - 1717                Maksim Frolovich Frolov
1717 - 1723                Vasiliy Frolovich Frolov           (d. 1723)
   (appointed by Tsar for life in 1718)
1723                       Ivan Matveyevich Krasnoshchekov    (b. 1672 - d. 1742)
1723 - 1917                Russian appointed Atamans

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Ural Cossack Host: see under Kazakhstan

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Wrangel Island

1707                       First appears on Russian maps.
1764    First recorded sighting by Russians, later named Tikegen.
14 Aug 1867                Named Wrangel Island by American Capt. Thomas Long aboard the
whaling ship "Nile".
12 Aug 1881                First landed on and claimed for the U.S. by Capt. Calvin Hooper
   of U.S. Revenue Cutter "Thomas Corwin".
15 Sep 1911                Landed on and formally claimed for Russia by Capt. Konstantin
Loman on baord "Vaygach".
12 Mar 1914 -  7 Sep 1914  Survivors of the Canadian ship "Karluk" under Capt. Robert 
Bartlett (b. 1875 - d. 1946) stay on the island.
20 Sep 1916                Formally annexed by Russia (annexation confirmed by Soviet Union
     on 15 Apr 1926).
16 Sep 1921                Settled and claimed for Canada by team of the Canadian expedition
   (new party arrived 19 Aug 1923), however the claim is not
     formally recognized by Canada.
20 Aug 1924                Settlers are removed by a Soviet ship.
14 Aug 1926                Permanent Soviet settlement founded.
23 Mar 1976                Nature Reserve Wrangel Island established.
 7 Jul 2004                Added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (as Natural
System of Wrangel Island Reserve).

Chiefs of settlement
16 Sep 1921 – 28 Jan 1923  Allan R. Crawford                  (b. c.1900 - d. 1923)
19 Aug 1923 – 20 Aug 1924  Charles Wells       (d. 1924)

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 © Ben Cahoon