TROCA DE CONDECORAÇÕES ENTRE OS REIS DE PORTUGAL E OS IMPERADORES DA RÚSSIA

Neste número: MEMÓRIA ICONOGRÁFICA TROCA DE CONDECORAÇÕES ENTRE OS REIS DE PORTUGAL E OS IMPERADORES DA RÚSSIA José Vicente de Bragança e Paulo Jorge Estrela DISTINTIVOS E MEDALHAS DE INVÁLIDOS E MUTILADOS DE GUERRA (1918-2002) Paulo Jorge Estrela IN MEMORIAM: JORGE ALBERTO GUERREIRO VICENTE Humberto Nuno de Oliveira e José Manuel Pedroso da Silva RECENSÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA José Vicente de Bragança To our Members abroad - Pour nos Amis à l’étranger Montagem Capa.indd 1 07/11/2017 11:39:57 Exchange of decorations between the Kings of Portugal and the Emperors of Russia José Vicente de Bragança Paulo Jorge Estrela I - Introduction The establishment of diplomatic relations and the intensification of trade relations between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Russian Empire date from the last quarter of the eighteenth century, with the exchange of ambassadors between Lisbon and St. Petersburg in 1779- 80 and the signing of trade and friendship treaties in 1782, 1787 and 1798. However, on the margins of official relations between states, several Portuguese, or of Portuguese origin, distinguished themselves in Russia by obtaining the favors of their Sovereigns, especially decorations. This was the case of the Portuguese-born Jew living in Holland, António Manuel Luís Vieira, (Anton Manuilovitch Devier), a favourite of Peter the Great, who appointed him Assistant General and Chief of the St. Petersburg Police Department, and to whom Catherine I granted the title of Count and the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky. Or, of the famous cristão-novo António Ribeiro Sanches (1699-1783), physician of the daughters of Peter I and of the Empress Anna Ivanovna, elected in 1739 as a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg and who became State Counselor before leaving Russia and settle in Paris in 1763, with a pension from Empress Catherine II the Great. And also of two military men, Gomes Freire de Andrade (1760-1817), and Manuel Pamplona Corte Real (1760-1832) who enlisted in the Imperial Army under Empress Catherine II distinguished themselves against the Ottomans in the Russo-Ottoman wars of 1788-1791. The first was apparently awarded the rank of knight of the Order of St. George (1789) and a Sword of Honor (1791), and the second with the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky and the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class. Finally, mention should be made of the diplomat Rodrigo Navarro de Andrade (1765 - 1839), Charge d'Affaires in St. Petersburg after the Congress of Vienna which he attended as a member of the Portuguese Delegation, awarded the Order of St. Anne, 2nd class by Emperor Alexander I of Russia. 1 After the Congress of Vienna of 1815, the exchange of decorations between Sovereigns, as a political and diplomatic instrument was consolidated. It was therefore from the end of the reign of King João VI that the exchanges of decorations between the Sovereigns of Portugal and Russia had their beginning, persisting until the end of the monarchy in 1910 and 1917 respectively, in both cases by revolutions. II. The Orders of Knighthood in the Russian Empire The introduction of the orders of knighthood in Russia was relatively late since the first order of knighthood - the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called - was only created in 1698 by Tsar Pedro I, the Great, after his return from the long journey that he made to European Courts - the Great Embassy - with a retinue of 250 people. Widely impressed with the ceremonies of investiture of the Orders of the Garter, in England, the Order of the Golden Fleece, in Austria and the Order of the Holy Spirit, in France, Peter I decided to establish an order of knighthood with which to reward his subjects, some say to emulate the Scottish Order of the Thistle, which had fell in abeyance after King James VII of Scotland was deposed in 1688. Yet others say, that the new order honouring the Patron Saint of Russia simply pretended to emulate the European orders of knighthood, and having adopted the blue colour of the Sash of the Order of the Holy Ghost of the House of Bourbon. The same occurred with the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky planned by Peter I as a decoration for military merit just like the Order of St. Louis in France, but which was only founded, in 1725, after his death by his wife and successor Empress Catherine I, also with the sash in red. Of the other imperial orders, two originated in Poland - the White Eagle and the Order of St. Stanislav - and another - the Order of St. Anne - in the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp, created by created by Emperor Peter III’s maternal grandfather, who inherited the Dukedom in 1739 till his return to Russia in 1742. One of the peculiarities of the Russian imperial honours system was that the Order of Saint Andrew when granted to members of the Imperial Family and to foreign Sovereigns or Princes had, since 1797, automatically implied the award of the Order of St. Alexandre Nevsky and the 1st Class of the Order of St. Anne, which was adopted as a Russian order in 1797 by Emperor Paul I. And this, as was the case with the Order of the Holy Spirit whose knights were previously admitted to the Order of St. Michael, and received the insignia of all orders, although, as a rule, they only used those of the highest order. It was the fabulous wealth and power of the Russian Empire to assert itself in the European world. 2 In 1831, after the Polish insurrection was crushed, Emperor Nicholas I decided to "Russify" the Order of the White Eagle, which was originally created in Poland in 1705 by Augustus the Strong, elected King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1697, the same being granted in conjunction with the orders mentioned above to the Imperial Family and to foreign sovereigns. The same happened to the Order of St. Stanislav (created in 1765 by Stanislaw August Poniatovsky, King of Poland), who was also integrated into the system of honors of the Russian Empire by Emperor Nicholas I in 1831, to be granted automatically, as of 1865, to foreign sovereigns together with the other orders. Thus the apparent disparity of the Russian orders granted to the Portuguese Sovereigns, from D. João VI (1823) to D. Manuel II (1908), is explained. III. Russian awards to Princes of the House of Braganza It should be noted that the the award dates of the Russian Imperial Orders of Knighthood to Portuguese are not generally available in available Portuguese sources. Therefore, it is necessary to access Russian sources, which is practically impossible for those who do not speak the Russian language. In addition, the Russian publications available are also usually not translated into Western languages, especially in English or French, which makes it impossible to obtain information. H.M. King John VI (1767- 1818 - 1826) H.R.H. Infante D. Miguel (1802 – 1828-1834 – 1866) After the Vila-Francada1 coup - May 27, 1823 - the Emperor of Russia Alexandre I, wanting to express to D. João VI his rejoicing in the political events in Portugal, sent him and his son - Infante D. Miguel, the insignia of the Orders of Saint Andrew and Saint Alexandre Nevsky and the 1st class of the Order of St. Anne, by letter dated November 24, 1823. The solemn investiture ceremony of King João VI and Infante D. Miguel took place in the Royal Palace of Ajuda on February 16, 1824, and the insignia were delivered by the Russian Ambassador and Envoy Extraordinary - Baron Alexeï Grigorievitch de Strogonoff (1797- 1831), accompanied by Chevalier Franz Franzevich Borel (1775-1832), Consul 1 Military uprising led at first by Infante D. Miguel aimed at overthrowing the liberal regime instituted by the Revolution of August 24, 1820, and returning King João VI to full sovereignty. 3 of Russia in Lisbon, by Lord Camille de Labensky, Secretary of the Legation and by Lord Rasewich, attaché of the Legation of Russia. H.M. Queen D. Maria II (1819 - 1834 - 1853), daughter of D. Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil and (IV) King of Portugal, and Empress Maria Leopoldina, Archduchess of Austria. Married secondly with Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry. Emperor Nicholas I granted her the Order of St. Catherine the Great Martyr, and the insignia were delivered by Sergey Grigoryevich Lomonosov (1799-1857), Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of Russia at the Court of Lisbon, probably in September of 1850 2. Lady of the Order of St. Catherine the Great Martyr. H.M. King Ferdinand II (1816 - Set of 1837 - 15 November 1853 - 1885) (Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry). Regent in 1853 – 1855 during the minority of his son king D. Pedro V. Son of prince Ferdinand George August of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1785-1851) and of the Princess Maria Antónia Gabriela de Koháry (1797-1862). D. Fernando was thus nephew of Prince Ernest I, reigning Duke of Saxe- Coburg-Gotha and of Leopold I, King of the Belgians. He was awarded the following Russian orders by Emperor Nicholas I: Knight of the Orders of Saint Andrew and Saint Alexandre Nevsky, Knight of 1st class of the Order of St. Anneand Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle. The insignia were also delivered by Sergey Grigoryevich Lomonosov, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of Russia at the Court of Lisbon, probably in September 1850 for the reasons already stated. H.M. King D. Pedro V (16.09.1837 - 15.11.1853 - 11.11.1861), son of the Queen D. Maria II and King D. Fernando II. He was awarded by the Emperor Alexander II with the following Russian orders: Knight of the Orders of Saint Andrew and Saint Alexandre Nevsky, Knight of 1st class of the Order of St. Anne and Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle. On March 13, 1856, D. Pedro V received in audience Ivan Ozeroff, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of His Majesty the Emperor of Russia, "who gave him the Cabinet Letter by which his Sovereign offered to the same Augustus Lord the insignia of the Orders of Saint Andrew, Saint Alexandre de Nevsky, the White Eagle, and Saint 2According to the Royal Charter of 26 September 1850, by which the Queen granted the Russian Ambassador, the Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ («for having delivered the insignia of the Grand Cross in Lisbon on behalf of the Tsar from the Order of Saint Catherine to the Queen D. Maria II, and those from the Order of Saint Andrew to King Ferdinand II»), in ANTT, MR Livro 2559, fls. 23v e 24. 4 Anne. A few days later he was again admitted to the presence of King to deliver the insignia to them». H. M. King D. Luís I (1838 - 1861 - 1889), second son of Queen D. Maria II and King D. Fernando II. He rose to the throne on the sudden death of his brother King D. Pedro V and married in 1862 with Princess D. Maria Pia de Savoy (1847-1911), daughter of Victor Emanuel II, King of Italy. He was awarded the following Russian orders: Knight of the Orders of Saint Andrew and Saint Alexandre Nevsky, Knight of 1st class of the Order of St. Anne and Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle. H.M. King D. Carlos I (1863 - 1889 -1908). Son of King D. Luís I and Queen D. Maria Pia of Savoy. He married in 1886 with Princess Maria Amelia of Orléans, first-born daughter of the Count of Paris - Prince Louis Philippe of Orléans. Received from the Emperor Alexander III, the following Russian orders: Knight of the Orders of Saint Andrew and of Saint Alexandre Nevsky, Knight of 1st class of the Orders of St. Anne and St. Stanislav and Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle (before 1883). H.M. Queen D. Amelia, (née Princess Marie Amélie Louise Helene d’Orléans) (1865 - 1951). The firstborn daughter of Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Count of Paris, and the Infanta Maria Isabel d’Orléans- Montpensier, daughter of the Duke of Montpensier. She married in 1886 with the Royal Prince D. Carlos, Duke of Bragança, later D. Carlos I, King of Portugal. Lady Grand Cross of the Order of St. Catherine the Great Martyr, in 18953. H.M. King D. Manuel II (1889 - 1908-1910 - 1932). Son of King D. Carlos I and Queen D. Amélia de Orléans. He rose to the throne after the assassination of his father and his elder brother Prince Real D. Luis Felipe. Emperor Nicholas II bestowed on him the following orders: Knight of the Orders of St. Andrew and St. Alexander Nevsky, the 1st class of the Orders of St. Anne and St. Stanislav and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Eagle. The decorations were granted by the Emperor Nicholas II, by decree of May 17, 1908, and the investiture was made by the Russian Ambassador in Lisbon - Alexander Ivanovich Koyander in a ceremony that took place in the Royal Palace of Necessidades on June 14, 19084. 3Cf. Dr. Ullander-Godenhielm. The Russian Imperial award system 1894-1917, Helsinki, Finnish Antiquarian Soc., 2005, p. 420. 4 José Vicente de Bragança. El-rei D. Manuel II na Grande Guerra e suas Condecorações, «Pro Phalaris», # 14, Lisboa, AFP, 2016, pp. 8 e 9. 5 IV - Portuguese awards to Princes of the House of Romanov As a rule, the Emperors of Russia were awarded with the Riband of the Grand Cross the Orders of Christ, Avis and St. James of the Sword as had been the tradition in the reign of King João VI5, and the Empresses and the Grand Duchesses of Russia, daughters of the Emperors, with the Riband of a Dame of the Royal Order of St. Elizabeth. With regard to the Tsarevich, the politics of the awards of order was somewhat erratic, for the Tsarevitch and Grand Duke of Russia Nicholas Alexsandrovich Romanov (1843 - 1865), son of Emperor Alexander II, who died in the life of his father, was granted the Grand Cross of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword, of Valor, Loyalty and Merit in 1859 and to his brother Tsarevitch Alexander Aleksandrovich, future Alexander III, also the Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword, in 18656. However, in 1873, still as Tsarevitch, he would be awarded the Riband of the Grand Cross of the Two Orders - Christ and Avis7. The last two Emperors, Alexander III and Nicholas II after ascending to the throne, having already received, as we will see, the Riband of the Grand Cross of the Two Orders - Christ and Avis, would end up being awarded the Grand Cross of the reformed Order of St. James which made them Grand Crosses of the Three Military Orders, receiving thereby the insignia of the Riband of the Three Orders, according to the respective Royal Letters. In fact, in the reign of King D. Luís I, on October 31, 1862, the old military order of St. James of the Sword was reformed becoming the "old, most noble and enlightened order of St. James of the scientific, literary and artistic merit" aiming to distinguish "the signaled personal merit and relevant services rendered to sciences, literary and fine arts, both in public education, as in written works and artistic works ", being endowed with a Collar as in the case of the Order of the Tower and the Sword. 5On the Riband of the Three Military Orders cf. José Vicente de Bragança, A evolução da Banda das Três Ordens Militares (1789-1826), ibidem, pp. 2-3. 6 Cf. Humberto Nuno de Oliveira / Paulo Jorge Estrela, Ordem militar da Torre e Espada : duzentos anos da História de Portugal, 1808-2008 (2008), Lisboa, Liga dos Combatentes, 2008. 7 The Riband of the Grand Cross of the Two Orders - Christ and Avis, after the Reform of the ancient military orders in 1789, was granted to the royal princes (Infantes) and foreign crown princes. 6 To the Grand Dukes of Russia, children or grandchildren of Emperors, was generally granted the Grand Cross of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword of Valor, Loyalty and Merit. 1. Reign of King John VI (1767-1818 - 1826) H.I.M. Alexander I (1777 - 1801 - 1825) Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland, son of Emperor Paul I (1754-1801) and Empress consort Maria Feodorovna (1759-1828), née Sophie Dorothea, Duchess of Württemberg, and grandson of the Empress Catherine II. Married to the Empress Consort Elizabeth Alexeievna (1779 - 1826), née Princess Louise Maria Augusta of Baden. Having been honored by the Emperor, Dom Joao VI thanked him the reception of the Russian orders by letter of March 5, 1824, awarding the Emperor, the Riband of the Grand Cross Three Military Orders – Christ, Avis and St. James of the Sword, by Royal Charter of February 10, 1824. The Emperor was invested in St. Petersburg by the Envoy and Minister Plenipotentiary of Portugal in St. Petersburg - Commander Rafael da Cruz Guerreiro. 2. Reign of Queen D. Maria II (1819 – 1834 - 1853) S.M.I. Nicholas I, (1796 - 1825 - 1855) Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland, son of Emperor Paul I and Empress Consort Maria Feodorovna. He succeeded his brother Emperor Alexander I in 1825. Married to the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, née Princess Charlotte of Prussia (1798 - 1860). Riband of the Grand Cross of the Military Orders of Christ, Avis and St. James of the Sword, by Royal Charter of May 31, 1850. H.I.M. Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress consort of Russia (1798 - 1860), née Frederica Louise Charlotte Wilhelmina, Princess of Prussia, daughter of King Frederick William III of Prussia and his wife Princess Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Dame of the Order of St. Elizabeth, by Royal Charter of May 31, 1850 H.I.H. Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaievna of Russia (1819 - 1876), Duchess of Leuchtenberg, daughter of Emperor Nicholas I and sister of Emperor Alexander II. She married in 1839 with Maximilian of Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg, Prince Romanowsky (1817 - 1852), brother and successor of Augustus of Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg, and Prince of Eichstätt, married with the Queen D. Maria II. Becoming a widow she married secretly in 1853 with Count Grigori Stroganoff (1824 - 1879), nephew of Count Alexei Stroganoff, Ambassador in Lisbon. Great collector and patron of the Arts. Dame of the Order of St. Elizabeth, by Royal Charter of May 31, 1850. 7 Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia (1822 - 1892), Queen Consort of Württemberg, second daughter of Emperor Nicholas I and sister of Emperor Alexander I. She married Charles, Crown-Prince of Württemberg (1823 - 1891) afterwards (1864) Charles I, King of Württemberg. Dame of the Order of St. Elizabeth, by Royal Charter of June 28, 1865. 3. Reign of King D. Pedro V (1837 - 1853 - 1861) H.I.M. Alexander II (1818 - 1855 - 1881) Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland, son of Emperor Nicholas I and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. He married in 1841 with Maria Alexandrovna, (1824 - 1880) née Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine. Riband of the Grand Cross of the Military Orders of Christ, Avis and St. James of the Sword, by Royal Charter of November 27, 1855. H.I.M. Maria Alexandrovna, Empress Consort of Russia, daughter of Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse and Princess Wilhelmina of Baden. Dame of the Order of St. Elizabeth, by Royal Charter of February 20, 1861. The insignia are in the Armory Museum, Moscow. H.I.H. Nicholas Aleksandrovich Romanov, Tsarevitch and Grand Duke of Russia (1843 - 1865), son of Emperor Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna. He became engaged to Maria Sofia Dagmar zu Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Princess of Denmark in 1865, shortly before his death. Grand Cross of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword, by Royal Charter of October 26, 1859. 4. Reign of King D. Luís I (1838 - 1861 - 1889) H.I.M. Alexander III (1845 - 1881 - 1894) Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland, second son of Emperor Alexander II and Empress Maria Alexandrovna. Tzarevich on March 2, 1865. In 1881 succeeded his father to the Imperial throne. He married in 1866 with Maria Feodorovna (1847 - 1928), née Maria Sofia Dagmar zu Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, Princess of Denmark. While Tsarevitch was awarded the Grand Cross of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword, by Royal Charter of 22 of June of 1865 and, the Riband of the Grand Cross of the Two Military Orders - Christ and Avis, by Royal Charter of May 1, 1873. As Emperor of Russia, Alexander III received the Riband of the Grand Cross of the Ancient and Clarified Order of Santiago, of Scientific, Literary and Artistic Merit, "... which united with the orders of Christ and St. Benedict of Avis, which with those that you already have, you can wear the above mentioned orders, whose insignia (Riband of the Three Orders) I have the honor to present to Your Imperial Majesty ... ", Royal Charter of May 25, 1881. 8 H.I.M. Maria Feodorovna, Empress Consort of Russia, wife of Emperor Alexander III. Dame of the Order of St. Elizabeth, by Royal Charter of May 25, 1881. H.I.H. Alexandre Alexandrovich Romanov, Grand Duke of Russia (1850 - 1908), General-Admiral of the Imperial Navy, son of Emperor Alexander II and of his first wife, Empress Maria Alexandrovna, and brother of Emperor Alexander III. Grand Cross of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword, by Royal Charter of July 26, 1866. H.I.H. Prince Nicholas Maximilianovitch, 4th Duke of Leuchtenberg (1843 - 1891) son of Maximilian, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg and Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia, maternal grandson of Emperor Nicholas I. He married Nadeshda Sergeevna Annenkova (1840 - 1891). Grand Cross of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword, by Royal Charter of 8 of October of 1867. H.H. Prince Nicolas Frederick Augustus von Holstein-Gottorp (1840 - 1886), Duke of Oldenburg, Lieutenant General of the Russian Imperial Army. Son of Duke Constantine Frederick Peter Georgievich of Oldenburg (1812 - 1881) and of his wife Princess Teresa Wilhelmina Frederica of Nassau-Weilburg. Born and raised in Russia, he was the grandson of Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia, daughter of Emperor Paul I. He married Maria Bulazel (1845-1909), awarded the title of Countess von Osternburg. Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ, by Royal Charter of September 25, 1884. H.I.M. Nicholas II (1868 - 1894 – abd. 15 March 1917 – m. 1918) Emperor of Russia, son of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna. He married Alexandra Feodorovna (1872 - 1918), née Victoria Alice Helena Louise Beatriz, princess of Hessen-Darmstadt. As Tsarevitch (March 1881), he was awarded the Riband of the Grand Cross of the Two Military Orders - Christ and Avis, by Royal Charter of May 25, 1881. 5. Reign of King D. Carlos I (1863 – 19.10.1889 – m. 1908) As Emperor, he was awarded by a Royal Charter of 9 April 1896, with the Grand Cross of the Ancient and Clarified Order of St. James, of Scientific, Literary and Artistic Merit, "... which united with the orders of Christ and St Benedict of Avis who you had already, you can hereby wear the insignia of the Three Orders, whose insignia (Riband of the Three Orders) I have the honor to present to Your Imperial Majesty ... ». H.I.M. Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress Consort of Russia, wife of Emperor Nicholas II. Dame of the Order of Saint Elizabeth, by Royal Charter, April 9, 1896. 9 H.I.H. Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (1853 - 1920), Duchess of Edinburgh and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha by marriage, daughter of Emperor Alexander II and his first wife Empress Maria Alexandrovna, and sister of Emperor Alexander III. She married Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (1866-1893) and reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1893-1900), son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Dame of the Order of St. Elizabeth, by Royal Charter of February 28, 1894. H.I.H. Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia (1878 - 1918), younger son of Emperor Alexander III and Empress Maria Feodorovna and brother of Emperor Nicholas II. After the death of his brother, the Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, on August 9, 1899, became the heir of the Imperial Crown until the birth of his nephew Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevitch of Russia, on August 12, 1904, son of the Emperor Nicholas II. Riband of the Grand Cross of the Two Orders - Christ and Avis, by Royal Charter of April 27, 1901. H.I.H. Grand Duke Kirill (Cyril) Vladimirovich of Russia (1876- 1938), son of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovitch of Russia and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia, née Duchess Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, grandson of Emperor Alexander II and right cousin of Emperor Nicholas II. He married in 1905 Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, granddaughter of Queen Victoria and of Emperor Alexander II. Grand Cross of the Military Order of the Tower and Sword, by Royal Charter of 31 December 1903. Summary table of the decorations to the House Romanov House of Romanov (1824-1910) No. Riband of the Grand Cross of the Three Military 3 + (2) Orders – Christ, Avis and St. James Riband of the Grand Cross of the Two Military Orders 4 – Christ, Avis Grand-Cross of the Order of Christ 1 Grand-Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword 5 Grand Cross of the Order of St. James (after1862) 2 Dame of the Order of St. Elizabeth 7 Total : 21 10