When War Under Heaven Ended: Tracking Pontiac's and Atawang's Band of Odawa and Ojibwa in Ohio, Walpole Island (Canada), Kansas, and Oklahoma, 1764-1938
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Related papers
Pontiac's War: Forging New Links in the Anglo-Iroquois Covenant Chain, 1758-1766
Ethnohistory, 1997
This essay examines the history of Pontiac's War from the perspective of the western Algonquians' entry into the Anglo-Iroquois Covenant Chain alliance system in I758. Recognized formally as equal diplomatic partners to Great Britain and the Six Nations by Sir William Johnson in I76i, the Great Lakes and upper Ohio Valley peoples directed their military and diplomatic efforts over the next five years toward securing and extending that status. The I766 Treaty of Oswego represented a political victory for the western Indians, as it established their territorial integrity and confirmed their status as independent allies in the Covenant Chain. Pontiac's War and the Covenant Chain Historians are now revising earlier interpretations of Pontiac's War, which stressed the Indians' military shortfall and overlooked their diplomatic success.1 Michael McConnell characterizes Pontiac's War as a defensive conflict on the part of the Indians; he argues that the war represented an effort by the Indians to restore their alliance with the French of Canada.2 Gregory Dowd builds on McConnell's thesis, contending that the war constituted an Indian attempt to manipulate France into returning to North America as a counterweight to the westward expansion of the American colonies, while also stressing the significance of native religious revitalization as a motivating factor in the conflict.3 Richard White portrays Pontiac's War as a qualified success for the Indians in the reestablishment of a diplomatic "middle ground" of common understanding and cooperation between themselves and the British.4 Recently, Ian K. Steele has pointed out that Pontiac's War was the first major multitribal war against Europeans in North America to create a balance of power between the Indians and the British.5 Ethnohistory 44:4 (fall I997). Copyright ?) by the American Society for Ethnohistory. ccc 00I4-I80I/97/$I.50.
The Kahnawake Iroquois and the Lower-Canadian Rebellions, 1837-1838 (1999).
1999
Drawing on archival data and theoretical reflections on interest groups and collective identity, this thesis aims to understand why the Kahnawake Iroquois cooperated with the British Crown during the Lower-Canadian Rebellions of 1837-1838. It is suggested that the Iroquois' decision to intervene was prompted by their own interpretations of the events and of their complex relationships with the British, neighboring settlers, and the Patriotes. It is argued that the resulting collective action was intended to defend interests such as government annuities, land, and livelihood. An analysis of the cultural, social, economic and political contexts further reveals that by intervening in the crisis, the Iroquois intended to protect land and presents because they were powerful symbols around which they collectively defined themselves as "Indians", despite the presence of internal factions, To conclude, it is argued that Kahnawake Iroquois did not intervene in the Rebellions only to defend economic interests, but, more fundamentally, to express and protect their collective identity.
“They had won their battle, too”: An Odawa Narrative from the War of 1812
Abstract: The paper appeared as a chapter in "Border Crossings: the Detroit River Region in the War of 1812" (Detroit Historical Society, 2012). It presents a text collected in the 1970s on Manitoulin Island, Ontario, which depicts a series of incidents from the War of 1812. The author argues that the narrative, while problematic, can be meaningfully discussed as an indigenous view of the short-lived American invasion of Canada in July and August of 1812, and the subsequent surrender of Detroit. Several points of close correspondence between the Odawa narrative and contemporaneous British and American accounts are contrasted with divergent representations of the native allies and their role in the defense of their homeland. The outcome of the narrative is contextualized against the long-term relations between indigenous peoples, the British, and the Americans.
2016
In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Maine, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for "fair use" copying of this dissertation for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Librarian. It is understood that any copying or publication of this dissertation for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.
Disunity and dispossession: Nawash Ojibwa and Potawatomi in the Saugeen Territory, 1836-1865
1997
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2017
This dissertation examines the settlement pattern, housing styles, subsistence practices, and trade relationships of Haudenosaunee communities in New York State and Ontario in the post-Revolutionary era (1783-1826). Historical and ethnohistorical literature has described the period as one of despair, cultural loss, factionalism, and dependency among the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, and the communities have been labeled as “slums in the wilderness,” confined on small tracts of land and isolated from one another. My excavation at Ohagi, a Tuscarora village in Seneca territory in the Genesee River Valley (ca. 1780-1792), in combination with previously unanalyzed museum collections and a reevaluation of county histories and primary source documents, reveals that the Haudenosaunee communities in post-Revolutionary New York and Ontario built villages in a network of settlement complexes, encircling an area of rich natural resources and facilitating movement between communities and nations. The evidence reveals that housing styles did not immediately shift to European-style log cabins, as often assumed, and the shift to smaller houses did not necessarily accompany a change in matrilineal family structure and relationships. This dissertation employs recent literature on Settler Colonialism to critique both the existing interpretations of the post-Revolutionary era as well as the practice of archaeological excavation of Native sites.
Neutrality in wartime carries with it the implication of aloofness, and thus it has been viewed historically as an exclusively reactive policy, rooted in isolationism or weakness, and lacking in imagination or initiative. The Iroquois and Acadians alike crafted policies of neutrality during the first half of the eighteenth century, allowing each group to prosper during the three decades of peace between 1713 Treaty of Utrecht and the renewal of open military conflict in 1744. King George’s War (1744-1748) and the Seven Years’ War (1754-63) severely tested the viability of remaining neutral in the borderlands regions of Iroquoia and Acadia. But rather than simply reacting to the pressures of intensifying imperial conflict after 1744, both the Iroquois and the Acadians creatively advanced their status as neutral entities to preserve what they each regarded as their own best interests. While neither British nor French imperial authorities accepted unqualifiedly the notion of non-aligned peoples and nations excusing themselves from King George's War and the Seven Years' War, comparative analysis of the ways in which the Iroquois Confederacy and the Acadian settler population structured their respective approaches to neutrality sheds new light on the ability of these groups—traditionally viewed as outside the colonial and imperial systems of power—to maintain internal group cohesion, to influence the course of events, and to determine their own fates.