Figure 1 | Scientific Reports
Proportion of honeybee (Apis mellifera) workers exposed to neonicotinoid insecticides and/or Varroa destructor and showing clinical symptoms of Deformed wing virus (DWV). Measurements of DWV clinical symptom levels for each of the four treatment groups were generated by uncapping worker brood cells and investigating wing anatomy for each individual. The level of DWV clinical symptoms was then calculated by dividing the total number of observed workers with symptoms by the total number of uncapped brood cells. The boxplots show the inter-quartile-range (box), the median (black line within box), and outliers (dots). A significant difference (generalized linear mixed model, P < 0.05) between groups is indicated by different letters (a, b).