pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

A fast, miniaturised in-vitro assay developed for quantification of lipase enzyme activity

Abstract

The discovery of allosteric modulators is a multi-disciplinary approach, which is time- and cost-intensive. High-throughput screening combined with novel computational tools can reduce these factors. Thus, we developed an enzyme activity assay, which can be included in the drug discovery work-flow subsequent to the in-silico library screening. While the in-silico screening yields in the identification of potential allosteric modulators, the developed in-vitro assay allows for the characterisation of them. Candida rugosa lipase (CRL), a glyceride hydrolysing enzyme, has been selected for the pilot development. The assay conditions were adjusted to CRL’s properties including pH, temperature and substrate specificity for two different substrates. The optimised assay conditions were validated and were used to characterise Tropolone, which was identified as an allosteric modulator. In conclusion, the assay is a reliable, reproducible, and robust tool, which can be streamlined with in-silico screening and incorporated in an automated high-throughput screening workflow.

Keywords: Candida rugosa lipase, hydrolase, enzyme activity assay, lipase inhibitor, Tropolone

1. Introduction

Lipases or triacylglycerol acyl hydrolases (EC 3.1.1.3) catalyse the hydrolysis of triacyl glycerides to release fatty acids and glycerol, an established mechanism in yeast. They comprise a broad variety of lipase structures with common structural traits1. Yeasts’ secretion of lipases support their establishment in plants by hydrolysing epicuticular waxes, which enables access to nutrition and carbohydrates in the roots of plants as a survival mechanism2. Candida rugosa is an especially potent species that secretes 5 isoforms of lipases with an identity of 77%. Despite their structural similarity, the five isoforms of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) covers a broad specificity range in catalysing the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol3; which is also the reason why this subset is widely used in the industry, for instance, in the production of biodiesel and pharmaceuticals4,5. This broad specificity range enables Candida rugosa to hydrolyse fatty acids preferentially from position 1 or 3 on the glyceride with an additional preference for medium- and long-chain fatty acid, but no preference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids as well as cholesterol6–8. The varying specificity within the isoforms is caused by sequential differences in a conserved loop and tunnel domain, which determines the activity and specificity of the respective isoforms7,9,10. The loop is composed of an α-helix in the closed conformation, where it lays planar on the molecule’s surface covering the catalytic centre (catalytic triad: Ser209-His449-Glu341, a water molecule, and the oxyanion hole) as well as the tunnel entrance inhibiting catalytic activity11,12. For the transition in the open conformation, the respective loop has to travel 19 Å, positioning itself perpendicular to the enzyme’s surface exposing the catalytic centre and the tunnel entrance and refolding itself into two αα-helices11,12. One of the acyl groups on the glyceride can subsequently move into the accessible tunnel domain, which contains several functional groups stabilising the hydrophobic acyl chain. This positions the ester bond connecting the fatty acid and glycerol in the catalytic centre, initiating the hydrolysis activity and subsequently releasing a free fatty acid as well as diacylglyceride11. Changes in the sequence by site-directed mutation of both the loop and the tunnel domain can have effects on specificity and activity of the enzyme7,13. In addition, it was discovered that CRL isoforms’ activity is very sensitive to pH and temperature changes4,14. While the application of immobilisation strategies as well as the addition of hydrophobic organic solvents or emulsions showed to enhance the enzyme’s activity by stabilising the exposed hydrophobic areas in the open conformation15–18, certain experimental conditions can even change the direction of the catalytic reaction, meaning an ester bond formation instead of hydrolysis19. Although allosteric modulation is very effective and is a biochemical method to alter enzymatic activity and specificity, it has not been considered in the past due to the mentioned alternative procedures, complexity and cost-intensity of high-throughput screening with numerous potential modulators. In modern approaches, the identification of allosteric sites is simplified through pre-screening of potential allosteric modulators by computational analysis, which pre-sorts and reduces the pool of screening component as well as complexity and cost-intensity20–22. However, in-silico based screening requires an X-ray-crystallography structure of the respective enzyme as well as high-performance software and hardware, an in-vitro screening assay, which can verify the theoretically determined ligands and their influence on the enzyme’s activity.

Therefore, we developed a rapid, miniaturised, high-throughput assay starting from Dairaku et al.’s proposed method23, which can be used as in-vitro identification tool in existing in-silico work-flows elucidating the impact of in-silico determined ligands on the enzyme’s activity. The assay is reproducible, reliable, and enables flexible adjustments depending on the enzyme’s specificity and enzyme class. For the assay’s development, Candida rugosa lipase isoforms were selected due to the availability of their X-ray crystallography structure (PDB: 1CRL, 1TRH) and their wide use in industrial production processes.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Materials

Candida rugosa lipase was received from Deerland (Kennesaw, GA, USA). 4-Methylumbelliferyl palmitate (4-MUP) and Trigonelline were obtained from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbour, MI, USA). 4-Methylumbelliferyl (4-MU), 4-Methylumbelliferyl butyrate (4-MUB), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, Tropolone and Berberine were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). β-Aescin was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). 85% o-phosphoric acid was received from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Sterile, black, µCLEAR, flat bottom, 96-well plates were obtained from VWR (Radnor, PA, USA).

2.2. Enzyme activity assay

Standards and samples were measured in triplicates in a black, µ-clear bottom 96-well plate. Dilutions and blanks were prepared with 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7. The standard curve was prepared with a 400 µM stock of 4-MU in DMSO and 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) with a range of 7.813 µM to 500 µM (final: 1.95–62.5 µM). 50 µL buffer and 50 µL of standard solution was added to respective standard wells, while 100 µL buffer were added to the blank wells. 50 µL of CRL at 10 ng/mL (final concentration: 2.5 ng/mL) for 4-MUB or 50 ng/mL CRL (final concentration 12.5 ng/mL) for 4-MUP and 50 µL of buffer or additive (enhancer, inhibitor) were added to the respective sample wells. A 10 mM stock of 4-MUB and 10 mM stock of 4-MUP were prepared in DMSO and diluted in buffer (4-MUB) or buffer and 0.006% SDS (w/V) incubated at 37 °C (4-MUP) to a concentration of 0.25 mM. 50 µL of 4-MUB and 150 µL of 4-MUP were added to each well. The 96-well plate was incubated at 37 °C for 25 min. The reaction was stopped with 50 µL of 10% o-phosphoric acid in MilliQ water for 4-MUB and 10 µL for 4-MUP. The fluorescence was immediately measured with the BioTek Cytation 3 system at λ = 326/472 with a gain of 72.

2.3. Validation of enzyme activity assay

Blank and standards were diluted and prepared as described in the enzyme activity section 2.2. Samples were run in triplicates containing CRL in buffer, CRL with 200 µM 4-MU (final: 50 µM 4-MU) and CRL with 12.5 µM 4-MU (final: 3.125 µM 4-MU). The experiment was executed over three consecutive days to determine intra- and inter-day CV for all three samples as well as intra- and inter-day precision for both spiked reactions.

2.4. Temperature and pH stability of enzyme activity assay

Robustness of the assay conditions was tested by performing the assay at a different temperature or pH conditions according to the protocol in Section 2.2.

2.4.1. Temperature

The standard curve was prepared in triplicates and several plates incubated at different temperatures including enzyme plus substrate and blank samples in triplicates for each temperature point (4°C, 15°C, 25°C, 28°C, 37°C, 45°C). Each sample was corrected for their individual blank at the respective temperature.

2.4.2. pH

Sample containing the enzyme plus substrate and blank were also run in duplicates for each pH. Reaction conditions were otherwise maintained as described above in the assay protocol.

2.5. Stability of CRL in water

CRL (1 mg/mL) was incubated in water for six days at room temperature. Samples were collected at day 0, 1, 3, 5, and 6. Subsequently, the collected samples were analysed on a stain-free SDS gel and with the 4-MUB activity assay according to Section 2.2 to investigate changes of activity and quantity.

2.6. Inhibitor analysis

The in-silico determined inhibitor Tropolone was identified with the CRL1 structure (PDB: 1CRL) and the compiled ligand screen from the Zinc database (Zbc; Zbc Leads; Zbc Drugs; Zbc frags), InterBioScreen database (natural compounds) and AnalytiCon database (FRGx, MEGx) (supplementary method S1). Tropolone’s impact on CRL was analysed by determining the IC50 with both substrates (4-MUB and 4-MUP) according to the described protocol in Section 2.2. A 1 M Tropolone stock was prepared in DMSO and diluted in phosphate buffer pH 7 to a final concentration range of 2 µM to 10 mM in the reaction and compared to CRL without inhibitor addition. In addition, Berberine’s, Trigonelline’s and β-Aescin’s IC50 were analysed and compared to Tropolone. Tested concentration ranges were based on published IC50’s and required CRL’s concentration being reduced 10-fold.

2.7. Michaelis–Menten kinetics

Km and Vmax were determined by measuring eight different substrate concentration at six-time points. Each concentration at each time point had a separate blank. The plot of time vs. concentration of fluorescent dye for each substrate concentration determined V0 (slope of linear graph) for each substrate concentration. V0 values were subsequently plotted against the substrate concentration based on the Michaelis–Menten plot to calculate Km and Vmax

Km = Michaelis–Menten constant; Vmax = maximal velocity; V0 = initial velocity; [S] = substrate concentration.

In addition, the kinetics experiment was performed with two different Tropolone concentrations to determine the type of inhibitory activity imposed by Tropolone. All time points and substrate concentration were maintained. Tropolone was added prior to the experiment in a concentration of 100 µM or 400 µM and Km and Vmax were compared.

Statistical analyses were performed for determination of Km, Vmax, and IC50 using Graphpad Prism 8 (San Diego, CA, USA).

3. Results

3.1. Enzyme activity assay development

Starting with Dairaku et al.’s proposed protocol for the human lysosomal acid lipase23, we developed an enzyme activity assay, which is applicable for two types of lipase specificities: short-chain fatty acid (butyrate) and long-chain fatty acids (palmitate). The selected substrates (4-Methylumbelliferryl butyrate (4-MUB) and palmitate (4-MUP)) comprise these fatty acids connected to the fluorescent dye 4-MU via an ester bond, respectively. 4-MU emits fluorescence upon hydrolysis of the ester bond and excitation at the corresponding wavelength. While 4-MUB is stable in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 4-MUP requires an additional stabilising agent (SDS) for the hydrophobic longer-chain fatty acid palmitate in aqueous solution (37 °C). To translate the subsequent fluorescence emitted by 4-MU after CRL hydrolysis of the substrate into concentration units, a seven-point standard curve of defined 4-MU concentrations was included ranging from 1.563 to 62.5 µM diluted in assay buffer. The curve (Figure 1(A)) is linear within the defined range (Figure 1(B)) and was analysed with a linear regression fit. The standard curve allows the translation of relative fluorescent units into concentration (µM) within the Lower Limit of Quantification (LLOQ) of 0.5 µM 4-MU and the Upper Limit of Quantification of 62.5 µM.

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

4-MU standard curve. (A) Plot of several 4-MU concentrations (0.125–125 µM) to determine the shape of the standard curve. The sigmoidal shape was analysed with a 4-parameter logistic fit. (B) The linear range for the standard curve was determined between the Lower Limit of Quantification (LLOQ) and Upper Limit of Quantification (ULOQ), which is in the linear range at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 625.5 µM.

Subsequently, several parameters were adjusted separately for both substrates. While the concentration of the substrate was constant in both assays (250 µM), the concentration of the enzyme was adjusted to account for SDS’s inhibitory effect on CRL (data not shown). Therefore, the 4-MUP assay required 10 ng/mL, while the 4-MUB assay’s concentration needed to be reduced to 3.3 ng/mL CRL (Supplementary Figure S3). Furthermore, it was determined that 10 µL and 50 µL of 10% o-H3PO4 was sufficient to completely stop the reaction for 4-MUB and 4-MUP, respectively (Supplementary Figure S1). Moreover, accuracy and precision for each substrate were evaluated separately over three-day, (Table 1), which confirmed reproducibility and comparability of measurements within the assay and between days.

Table 1.

Validation of the enzyme activity assay for both substrates 4-MUB (A) and 4-MUP (B). Samples were measured in triplicates each day allowing to determine Precision (Intra-Day and Inter-Day CV%) and Accuracy (%) for the validation.

A      
Analytes Concentration (µM) Precision (CV) (%)
 Accuracy (%)
(Substrate: 4-MUB) (n = 3) Intra-day (n = 3) Inter-day (n = 3) (n = 3)
QC1a 12.8 ± 0.6 0.5–6.5 4.6  
QC2b 16.7 ± 1.2 1.3–3.3 6.9 0.7%
QC3c
 74.2 ± 3.2
 0.9–2.6
 4.4
 1.7%
B        
Analytes        
(Substrate: 4-MUP)
QC1a 6.5 ± 0.4 0.9–2.2 5.6  
QC2b 9.8 ± 0.6 0.6–4.2 6.0 2.0%
QC3c 56.8 ± 1.9 0.8–2.6 3.4 0.6%

3.2. Assay robustness

Although the assay was validated for both substrates, our data shows superior aqueous solubility of 4-MUB as compared to 4-MUP requiring the use of SDS, which inhibits the enzyme’s activity (Supplementary Figure S3). Thus, we focussed on the substrate 4-MUB for further determination of validation parameters to avoid interference with the enzyme’s activity. Subsequently, we investigated the assay performance with 4-MUB at different temperatures (Figure 2(A)) and pHs (Figure 2(B)).

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Determination of assay robustness under application of altered conditions. (A) Temperature variation (4–45 °C) with buffer pH 7. (B) Buffer pH variation (pH 4–9) with reaction temperature 37 °C.

Five different temperatures, 4, 15, 28, 37 and 45 °C were tested. Our data indicated that the enzyme is temperature sensitive and most active between 37–45 °C as the optimal temperature for the enzyme activity. However, 37 °C was maintained for further experiments as it represents physiological conditions. The investigation of the reaction’s efficiency at six different buffer pH revealed the stability of the enzyme’s activity in lower pH ranges and increased instability of the assay above pH 8. Under basic conditions, the substrate is subject to autohydrolysis, making the reaction independent of the enzyme’s activity and which is characteristic for ester bonds. Therefore, the selected reaction conditions were approximated to physiological conditions at pH 7, since they show the robustness and optimal reaction requirements.

3.3. Analysis of CRL extract

The used enzyme extract CRL, obtained from Deerland was further characterised. First, we investigated, which of the isoforms were present in the extract and second, which other components could be present in the mixture. A gas-chromatography analysis (GCMS) revealed the presence of only CRL isoforms 1, 2, 3, and 4, although 4 had solely one fragment detected indicating a low abundance (see Supplementary Table S1). Furthermore, the stability of the enzyme in water was determined over six days at room temperature to identify potential impurities degrading the enzyme in solution (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Investigation of CRL’s stability throughout six days in water at room temperature. The in-house developed activity assay was applied to determine for each sampled day the impact on the enzyme’s activity, which slightly decreased over time.

Our data showed that both methods, SDS page and GCMS, revealed a pure enzyme extract, which was used for the investigation of CRL’s enzyme activity (Supplementary Figure S2 and Supplementary Table S1). However, the activity assay showed a slightly decreasing activity over the six-day period indicating auto-degradation or presence of proteases that were below the detection limit of the method used for evaluation. Thus, the identification of mainly the 4 isoforms of CRL in the extract and only a slight degradation over 6 days, deemed the enzyme extract to be pure and stable in water.

3.4. Identification of an effective inhibitor

Subsequently, we used the in-vitro assay to verify the allosteric modulator potential of Tropolone, a compound, which was determined in an in-silico screening approach (Glide, Schroedinger, XP GScore: -5.603)24. Tropolone was used to demonstrate the underlying workflow (Supplementary method S1). Tropolone was investigated in both developed in-vitro assays in a concentration range of 2 µM to 10 mM with both substrates showing a concentration-dependent inhibition (Figure 4(A)). We calculated the corresponding IC50 values (4-MUP: 3.75 × 10−4 M; 4-MUB: 3.95 × 10−4 M) by plotting the logarithmic Tropolone concentration against the activity of CRL (%), which indicates CRL’s inhibition being slightly more efficient in 4-MUP samples with a lower IC50 value (Figure 4(B)).

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Analysis of Tropolone’s inhibitory effect on CRL activity in the developed enzyme activity assay with 4-MUP and 4-MUB. (A) Plot of replicated IC50 curves for 4-MUP and 4-MUB with Tropolone concentrations between 2 μM and 10 mM. (B) Analysis and determination of the IC50 values for both substrates. IC50 values were determined by plotting the logarithmic Tropolone concentration against the percentage of CRL activity, which allows the determination of IC50 values: 4-MUP: 3.75 × 10−4 M; 4-MUB: 3.95 × 10−4 M and standard deviations of 1.65 × 10−5 and 2.19 × 10−5, respectively.

In addition, we investigated reported CRL inhibitors and their IC50 values. The reduction of the concentration of CRL by 10-fold in the assay allowed the measurement of IC50 values of weak inhibitors. The measured IC50 values in the in-house activity assay were close to the reported IC50s of Trigonelline, β-Aescin and Berberine (Supplementary Figure S4)25,26.

3.5. Michaelis–Menten kinetics

Finally, we determined the kinetic parameters of the CRL extract. The in-house developed assay with the substrate 4-MUB was used and applied in 8 different concentrations over a 50-min time span by measuring the increase of relative fluorescent units over time. The subsequent plot of initial velocity against the substrate concentration (Michaelis–Menten plot) allowed the determination of Vmax (0.54 ± 0.03 µM/min) and Km (0.46 ± 0.06 mM) for the butyrate substrate (Figure 5(A,B)).

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Michaelis–Menten kinetics to investigate the performance of CRL with the in-house developed enzyme activity assay and various 4-MUB concentrations over time. We used 0, 100, or 400 µM Tropolone in the experiment to measure the impact on Vmax and Km by the inhibitor. While Km was maintained after inhibitor addition, Vmax was decreasing with increasing inhibitor concentration. Therefore, our results suggest that Tropolone is a non-competitve inhibitor.

The additional analysis of Km and Vmax after addition of Tropolone in two different concentrations (100 and 400 µM), respectively, determined Tropolone’s mode of inhibition. While Km did not show a clear trend of decline or increase due to inhibitor addition, Vmax decreased with increasing inhibitor concentration (Figure 5(A,B)). This experimental trend and the analysis of the Lineweaver-Burk plot (data not shown), confirmed the in-silico analysis, which identified Tropolone as an allosteric modulator of CRL and identified the inhibition as non-competitive. Furthermore, we examined Trigonelline and β-Aescin together with Tropolone using biolayer-interferometry (Supplementary method S2) to investigate the binding of CRL with these compounds.

β-Aescin’s KD was determined to be relatively low but was inconsistent with high IC50 suggesting non-specific binding to CRL. By contrast, Tropolone’s determined KD value was consistent with its relatively low IC50 (compared to β-Aescin) indicating a more specific interaction. However, the relatively modest IC50 is consistent with Tropolone’s deemed mechanism of action, namely allosteric modulation. Finally, Trigonelline showed relatively high KD and IC50, indicating low or unspecific interaction with CRL (Supplementary Figure S5).

4. Discussion

In this study, we developed and applied an enzyme activity assay for two different substrate specificities (4-MUB (short-chain fatty acids) and 4-MUP (long-chain fatty acids)) to verify the mode of action (allosteric modulation) of Tropolone. The in-vitro assay conditions were validated and showed reproducibility, robustness, and stability. The assay is a reliable and cost-effective enzymatic assay tool, which is easily implemented. In particular, the consideration of a reagent to stop the reaction, which differentiates this from other published assays, is pivotal for reproducibility within and between different reads27,28. Although the current assay conditions were optimised for Deerland’s CRL extract, the assay allows adjustments for any enzyme’s specificity as 4-MU cannot only be synthesised to other fatty acids, but also to substrates of glucosidases or phosphatases. The use of 4-MUB and 4-MUP demonstrated the assay’s adaptability to different substrates. In future experiments, different fatty acids (substrates) and combinations could be investigated. However, we acknowledge the limitations of the assay such as the intrinsic decrease in solubility of the hydrophobic fatty acid tail with length and the autocatalysis of the substrate in the basic pH range.

In addition, the assay allows measurement of IC50s and kinetic parameters and characterisation of the enzyme’s performance. Similarly, shifts in kinetic parameters can be investigated after the addition of enhancers or inhibitors, which further characterises their activity (competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive) as exemplified by Tropolone as a non-competitive inhibitor. Although we determined that the used extract was enriched in CRL1 and CRL3 through MS analysis, the determined kinetic parameters are specific for this particular extract composition. In conclusion, each isoform needs to be investigated individually to acquire specific kinetic parameters.

Moreover, the assay was used to verify the impact of the new in-silico determined allosteric modulator Tropolone on CRL activity. Tropolone is a seven-carbon aromatic ring, which is a common motif in naturally occurring compounds. It was shown to inhibit the grape polyphenol oxidase as well as the mushroom tyrosinase29,30. So far, it has not been reported that Tropolone can inhibit lipases, although other natural compound classes such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins are known to inhibit CRL’s activity with varying efficacy depending on the used concentration25,26.

Both assays, 4-MUP and 4-MUB, were tested to show that CRL’s activity is inhibited by Tropolone in a concentration-dependent manner. The substrate independent inhibition and the similarity of the determined IC50s indicate that Tropolone could interfere with CRL’s enzymatic activity, which has been further investigated by biolayer-interferometry and Michaelis–Menten kinetics. The results suggested that Tropolone is a non-competitive inhibitor. Given the slight differences in the assay conditions between 4-MUB and 4-MUP, we were not able to directly compare the efficiency of Tropolone in inhibiting CRL in those assays. However, each assay individually is inter-comparable between runs and samples and can be applied for high-throughput screening.

Finally, to validate our enzyme activity assay performance, in comparison to IC50s of the published CRL inhibitors Berberine, β-Aescin and Trigonelline (which had been determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)), we measured the IC50s of the published compounds in our assay25,26. The selected inhibitors showed similar IC50s in the enzyme activity assay as compared to the HPLC method, which confirmed the assays competitiveness.

In addition, using biolayer-interferometry to determine the KD of Tropolone, Trigonelline and β-Aescin, Tropolone showed the most specific interaction with the strongest KD, while Trigonelline and β-Aescin indicated weaker KDs and/or unspecific interaction with the enzyme. Although the results are partly different from the enzyme activity assay’s results, the two assays investigate different parameters: activity and interaction. Our results highlight Tropolone’s mode of action as non-competitive CRL inhibitor and that our newly developed assay is comparable to other methods such as HPLC.

5. Conclusion

The miniaturised in-vitro assay we have developed proved to be reliable, robust, and delivered reproducible results and was subsequently used to verify an in-silico determined allosteric modulator. Furthermore, our study demonstrated that the application of in-silico screening together with an in-vitro fluorescence assay aided the identification of a new non-competitive inhibitor of Candida rugosa lipase. The assay enabled the characterisation of the used enzyme extract through the determination of kinetic parameters and product quality. In future application, the assay could be used to investigate and characterise other enzymes and enzyme classes and could be included in automated processes. Both methods together, in-silico and in-vitro screening, represent an alternative to standard high-throughput approaches and resulted in the identification of the non-competitive CRL inhibitor, ‘Tropolone’, which could have pharmacological potential.

Supplementary Material

Supplemental Material

Funding Statement

This work was supported by the Roskamp Institute Inc. and by a Sponsored Research Agreement between The Roskamp Institute, Inc and Enzymedica, Inc.

Disclosure statement

The authors report no conflict of interest.

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