WebElements Periodic Table » Thallium » properties of free atoms

Thallium atoms have 81 electrons and the shell structure is  2.8.18.32.18.3.

The ground state electron configuration of ground state gaseous neutral thallium is  [Xe].4f¹⁴.5d¹⁰.6s².6p¹ and the term symbol is  ²P_1/2.

Atomic spectrum

A representation of the atomic spectrum of thallium.

Ionisation Energies and electron affinity

The electron affinity of thallium is 19.2 kJ mol^‑1. The ionisation energies of thallium are given below.

Effective Nuclear Charges

The following are "Clementi-Raimondi" effective nuclear charges, Z_eff. Follow the hyperlinks for more details and for graphs in various formats.

References

These effective nuclear charges, Z_eff, are adapted from the following references:

1. E. Clementi and D.L.Raimondi, J. Chem. Phys. 1963, 38, 2686.
2. E. Clementi, D.L.Raimondi, and W.P. Reinhardt, J. Chem. Phys. 1967, 47, 1300.

Electron binding energies

Electron binding energies for thallium. All values of electron binding energies are given in eV. The binding energies are quoted relative to the vacuum level for rare gases and H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, and Cl₂ molecules; relative to the Fermi level for metals; and relative to the top of the valence band for semiconductors.

Label	Orbital	eV [literature reference]
K	1s	85530 [1]
L I	2s	15347 [1]
L II	2p1/2	14698 [1]
L III	2p3/2	12658 [1]
M I	3s	3704 [1]
M II	3p1/2	3416 [1]
M III	3p3/2	2957 [1]
M IV	3d3/2	2485 [1]
M V	3d5/2	2389 [1]
N I	4s	846.2 [3]
N II	4p1/2	720.5 [3]
N III	4p3/2	609.5 [3]
N IV	4d3/2	405.7 [3]
N V	4d5/2	385 [3]
N VI	4f5/2	122.2 [3]
N VII	4f7/2	117.8 [3]
O I	5s	136 [2, values derived from reference 1]
O II	5p1/2	94.6 [3]
O III	5p3/2	73.5 [3]
O IV	5d3/2	14.7 [3]
O V	5d5/2	12.5 [3]

Notes

I am grateful to Gwyn Williams (Jefferson Laboratory, Virginia, USA) who provided the electron binding energy data. The data are adapted from references 1-3. They are tabulated elsewhere on the WWW (reference 4) and in paper form (reference 5).

References

1. J. A. Bearden and A. F. Burr, "Reevaluation of X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels," Rev. Mod. Phys., 1967, 39, 125.
2. M. Cardona and L. Ley, Eds., Photoemission in Solids I: General Principles (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) with additional corrections, 1978.
3. Gwyn Williams WWW table of values
4. D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 81st edition, 2000.
5. J. C. Fuggle and N. Mårtensson, "Core-Level Binding Energies in Metals," J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom., 1980, 21, 275.