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Bangladesh

  • ️ben cahoon

Bangladesh 

Map of Bangladesh Hear National Anthem
 "Amar Shonar Bangla"
(My Golden Bengal)  		Text of National Anthem
Adopted Apr 1971
(provisional to 13 Jan 1972) 		Constitution
(16 Dec 1972; suspended
24 Mar 1982 - 10 Nov 1986)
Capital: Dhaka
(Dacca 1608-1639, 1660-1701, 1770-1983; Mujibnagar
11 Apr 1971 - 16 Dec 1971;
Murshidabad 1703-1770;
Mukshudabad c.1701-1703;
Akbarbnagar 1595 - 1608)
 		Currency: Taka (BDT);
1942-1972 Pakistani Rupee
(PKR)
National Holiday: 26 Mar (1971)
Shadhinota Dibosh
(Independence Day) 		Population: 168,697,184 (2024)
GDP: $1.41 trillion (2023)  Exports: $58.8 billion (2023)
Imports: $73.2 billion (2023) 		Ethnic Groups: Bengali at least 99%, ethnic groups 1% (2022)
note: Bangladesh's government recognizes 27 indigenous ethnic groups under the 2010 Cultural Institution for Small Anthropological Groups Act; other sources estimate there are about 75 ethnic groups.
Total Active Armed Forces: 163,050 (2021)
Merchant marine: 558 ships (2023) 		Religions: Muslim 91%, Hindu 8%, other 1% (2022)
International Organizations/Treaties: ADB, AIIB, APA, APM, ARF, BIMSTEC, C, CD, CICA, CP, CTBT, CWC, D-8, ENMOD, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IORA, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NDB, NPT, NTBT, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, OST, PCA, RACEP (applicant), SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Bangladesh Chronology

1070 - 1203         Part of the Sena Empire.
1203 - 1576                Part of the Delhi Sultanate 
1203 - 1575 Bengal (Bangla) sultanate (at times independent
from Delhi).
 3 Mar 1575 Annexed to the Mughal Empire (resisted until
         12 Jul 1576). 
1717 Mughal governor, with the style Nawab Nazim,
establishes a quasi-independent state.
21 Aug 1765                British (East India Company) financial administration
         (diwani rights) in perpetuity of Bengal begins (see
under India) with sanction (firman) of the Mughal
Emperor. 
26 May 1793        Remaining governing authority (nizamat) of Bengal
ruler abolished by the British; Bengal part of the
Bengal presidency of British India (see India),
         the ruler becomes a British pensioner.
Nov 1853                   British declare that the Nawab had no treaty rights,
and Sep 1854 repealed all the former privileges
         of the Nazim.
 1 Nov 1880                British formally abolish the title Nawab of Bengal.
15 Aug 1947                Bengal province of British India divided;
eastern part becomes Pakistan province of
East Bengal.
14 Oct 1955                Renamed East Pakistan. 
 7 Oct 1958                Autonomy abolished.
26 Mar 1971 - 16 Dec 1971  Bangladesh war of independence.
26 Mar 1971                Independence proclaimed (People's Republic 
of Bangladesh) by the exile government.
16 Dec 1971                De facto independence (capitulation of Pakistan). 
22 Feb 1974                Independence recognized by Pakistan. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Rulers (title Nawab Nazim)[titular from 1793]
1717 - 30 Jun 1727         Murshid Quli Jafar Khan            (b. c.1660 - d. 1727)
 (Zamin Ali Quli)
30 Jun 1727 - Aug 1727     Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur (1st time)   (b. bf.1700 - d. 1740) 
Aug 1727 - 26 Aug 1739     Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan         (b. c.1670 - d. 1739)
             (in opposition from 1 Jul 1727)
26 Aug 1739 - 29 Apr 1740  Sarfaraz Khan Bahadur (2nd time)   (s.a.) 
29 Apr 1740 -  9 Apr 1756  Muhammad Alivardi Khan Bahadur     (b. 1676 - d. 1756) 
 9 Apr 1756 - 23 Jun 1757  Mirza Muhammad Siraj-ud-Daulah     (b. 1733 - d. 1757)
 2 Jul 1757 - 20 Oct 1760  Sayyid Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur  (b. c.1691 - d. 1765)
(1st time)
20 Oct 1760 -  7 Jul 1763  Mir Kasim Ali Khan Bahadur         (d. 1777)
 7 Jul 1763 - 17 Jan 1765  Sayyid Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur  (s.a.)
(2nd time)
17 Jan 1765 -  8 May 1766  Najm ud-din Ali Khan               (b. c.1747 - d. 1766) 
17 Jan 1765 -  8 May 1766  Syed Muhammad Reza Khan -Regent    (b. 1717? - d. 1791)
22 May 1766 - 10 Mar 1770  Saif ud-Daulah Sayyid Najabat Ali  (b. 1749 - d. 1770)
Khan Bahadur  
22 May 1766 - 10 Mar 1770  Munni Begum (f) -Regent (1st time) (b. 1720 - d. 1813)
10 Mar 1770 - 24 Mar 1770  Sayyid Ashraf Ali Khan Bahadur     (b. bf.1759 - d. 1770)
24 Mar 1770 -  6 Sep 1793  Sayyid Mubarak Ali Khan            (b. 1759? - d. 1793)
(Mubarak ud-Daulah)
24 Mar 1770 - 1775         Munni Begum (f) -Regent (2nd time) (s.a.)
 6 Sep 1793 - 28 Apr 1810  Sayyid Babar Ali Khan Bahadur      (b. c.1773 - d. 1810)
28 Apr 1810 -  6 Aug 1821  Zain-ud-Din Ali Khan               (b. c.1792 - d. 1821)
 6 Aug 1821 - 30 Oct 1824  Ahmad Ali Khan     (b. 1793 - d. 1824)
30 Oct 1824 –  3 Oct 1838  Mubarak Ali Khan II (b. 1810 - d. 1838)
 3 Oct 1838 -  1 Nov 1880  Sayyid Mansur Ali Khan             (b. 1830 - d. 1884)
Governors of East Bengal (from 14 Oct 1955, East Pakistan) 
15 Aug 1947 -  5 Apr 1950  Sir Frederick Chalmers Bourne      (b. 1891 - d. 1977)  Non-party
16 Mar 1949 - 25 Apr 1949  A.S.M. Akram (acting for Bourne)   (b. 1888 - d. 1968)  Non-party
 5 Apr 1950 - 26 Mar 1953  Malik Firoz Khan Noon              (b. 1893 - d. 1970)  ML
26 Mar 1953 -  4 Apr 1953  Abdur Rahman Siddiqui (acting)     (b. 1887 - d. 1953)  ML
 4 Apr 1953 - 30 May 1954  Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman             (b. 1889 - d. 1973)  ML
30 May 1954 - 21 Sep 1954  Iskandar Ali Mirza                 (b. 1899 - d. 1969)  Mil
21 Sep 1954 - 22 Dec 1954  Sir Thomas Hobart Ellis (acting)   (b. 1894 - d. 1981)  Non-party
22 Dec 1954 - 14 Jun 1955  Mohammad Shahabuddin (acting)      (b. 1895 - d. 1971)  Non-party
14 Jun 1955 -  9 Mar 1956  Amiruddin Ahmad (acting)           (b. 1895 - d. 1965)  Non-party
 9 Mar 1956 - 31 Mar 1958  Abul Kashem Fazlul Huq             (b. 1873 - d. 1962)  KSP
 1 Apr 1958 -  3 May 1958  Muhammad Hamid Ali (acting)        (b. 1906 - d. 1972)  Non-party
 3 May 1958 - 10 Oct 1958  Sultanuddin Ahmad                  (b. 1902 - d. 1977)  AL
10 Oct 1958 - 14 Apr 1960  Zakir Hussain                      (b. 1898 - d. 1971)  Non-party
15 Apr 1960 - 10 May 1962  Mohammad Azam Khan                 (b. 1908 - d. 1996)  Mil
 1 Jul 1961 -  5 Aug 1961  Syed Hashim Raza                   (b. 1910 - d. 2003)  Non-party
 (acting for Azam Khan)
11 May 1962 - 28 Oct 1962  Ghulam Faruque (b. 1899 - d. 1992)  Non-party
28 Oct 1962 - 23 Mar 1969  Abdul Monem Khan                   (b. 1899 - d. 1971)  PML
23 Mar 1969 - 25 Mar 1969  Mirza Nurul Huda                   (b. 1919 - d. 1991)  Non-party
25 Mar 1969 - 23 Aug 1969  Muzaffaruddin      (b. 1918? - d. 1997) Mil
(martial law administrator)
23 Aug 1969 -  1 Sep 1969  Sahabzada Yaqub Khan               (b. 1920 - d. 2016)  Mil
(martial law administrator)
 1 Sep 1969 -  7 Mar 1971  Syed Mohammad Ahsan                (b. 1920 - d. 1989)  Mil
 7 Mar 1971 - 31 Aug 1971  Tikka Khan                         (b. 1915 - d. 2002)  Mil
(martial law administrator)
31 Aug 1971 - 14 Dec 1971  Abdul Motaleb Malik                (b. 1905 - d. 1977)  Non-party
31 Aug 1971 - 16 Dec 1971  Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi           (b. 1915 - d. 2004)  Mil
(martial law administrator)
Presidents of Bangladesh
17 Apr 1971 - 12 Jan 1972  Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (1st time)   (b. 1920 - d. 1975)  AL
(Pakistani prisoner to 8 Jan 1972)
17 Apr 1971 - 10 Jan 1972  Syed Nazrul Islam                  (b. 1925 - d. 1975)  AL
(acting for Mujibur Rahman)
12 Jan 1972 - 24 Dec 1973  Abu Sayeed Chowdhury               (b. 1921 - d. 1987)  Non-party
24 Dec 1973 - 25 Jan 1975  Mohammad Mohammadullah (b. 1921 - d. 1999)  AL
(acting to 27 Jan 1974) 
25 Jan 1975 - 15 Aug 1975  Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (2nd time)   (s.a.)               BAL 
15 Aug 1975 -  6 Nov 1975  Khandker Mustaque Ahmad (b. 1918 - d. 1996)  BAL
 6 Nov 1975 - 21 Apr 1977  Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem           (b. 1916 - d. 1997)  Non-party
(also chief martial law administrator
24 Aug - 4 Nov 1975 and 7 Nov 1975 - 29 Nov 1976)
21 Apr 1977 - 30 May 1981  Ziaur Rahman                       (b. 1936 - d. 1981) Mil;1979 BJD
(also chief martial law administrator
29 Nov 1976 - 6 Apr 1979)
30 May 1981 - 24 Mar 1982  Abdus Sattar                       (b. 1906 - d. 1985)  BJD
(acting to 20 Nov 1981) 
24 Mar 1982 - 27 Mar 1982  Hussain Muhammad Ershad (1st time) (b. 1930 - d. 2019)  Mil
(chief martial law administrator 24 Mar 1982 - 30 Mar 1984)
27 Mar 1982 - 11 Dec 1983  Abul Fazal Mohammad Ahsanuddin     (b. 1915 - d. 2001)  Non-party
(A.F.M.) Choudhury
11 Dec 1983 -  6 Dec 1990  Hussain Muhammad Ershad (2nd time) (s.a.)             Mil;Sep 1986 JD
 6 Dec 1990 -  9 Oct 1991  Shahabuddin Ahmed (1st time)       (b. 1930 - d. 2022)  Non-party 
(acting)
 9 Oct 1991 -  9 Oct 1996  Abdur Rahman Biswas (b. 1926 - d. 2017)  BJD 
 9 Oct 1996 - 14 Nov 2001  Shahabuddin Ahmed (2nd time)       (s.a.)               Non-party
14 Nov 2001 - 21 Jun 2002  Abdul Qasim Mohammad Badruddoza    (b. 1932 - d. 2024)  BJD
(A.Q.M.) Chowdhury
21 Jun 2002 -  6 Sep 2002  Mohammad Jamiruddin Sircar (acting)(b. 1931)            Non-party
 6 Sep 2002 - 12 Feb 2009  Iajuddin Ahmed                     (b. 1931 - d. 2012)  Non-party
12 Feb 2009 - 20 Mar 2013  Mohammad Zillur Rahman             (b. 1929 - d. 2013)  BAL
14 Mar 2013 - 24 Apr 2023  Mohammad Abdul Hamid               (b. 1944)            BAL 
(acting [for Rahman to 20 Mar] to 24 Apr 2013) 
24 Apr 2023 -              Mohammad Shahabuddin Chuppu        (b. 1949)            Non-party 


Naib Nizams (chief ministers)
1765 - 1772                Syed Muhammad Reza Khan (1st time) (s.a.)
   (also Naib Diwan, appointed by the British)
1772 - 1775                Raja Gurudas                       (d. 1792)
(Dewan for Munni Begum)
1775 - 1778                Syed Muhammad Reza Khan (2nd time) (s.a.)   
1778 - 1779                Sadr-ul-Haq Khan                   (d. 1779)
1779 - 1790                Syed Muhammad Reza Khan (3rd time) (s.a.)
Chief ministers of East Bengal (from 14 Oct 1955, East Pakistan)
15 Aug 1947 - 14 Sep 1948  Khawaja Nazimuddin                 (b. 1894 - d. 1964)  ML
14 Sep 1948 -  3 Apr 1954  Nurul Amin                         (b. 1893 - d. 1974)  ML
 3 Apr 1954 - 29 May 1954  Abul Kashem Fazlul Huq             (s.a.)               KSP+UF
29 May 1954 - 20 Jun 1955  Governor's rule
20 Jun 1955 - 31 Aug 1956  Abu Hussain Sarkar (1st time)      (b. 1894 - d. 1969)  KSP
(suspended 26 May - 1 Jun 1956)
 1 Sep 1956 - 31 Mar 1958  Ataur Rahman Khan (1st time)       (b. 1907 - d. 1991)  AL
31 Mar 1958                Abu Hussain Sarkar (2nd time)      (s.a.)               KSP
 1 Apr 1958 - 18 Jun 1958  Ataur Rahman Khan (2nd time)       (s.a.)               AL
18 Jun 1958 - 22 Jun 1958  Abu Hussain Sarkar (3rd time)      (s.a.)               KSP
22 Jun 1958 - 25 Aug 1958  Governor's rule
25 Aug 1958 -  7 Oct 1958  Ataur Rahman Khan (3rd time)       (s.a.)               AL
 7 Oct 1958 - 30 Jun 1970  Post abolished
 1 Jul 1970 - 16 Dec 1971  Martial law
Prime ministers of Bangladesh
11 Apr 1971 - 12 Jan 1972  Tajuddin Ahmed                     (b. 1925 - d. 1975)  BAL
12 Jan 1972 - 26 Jan 1975  Sheikh Mujibur Rahman              (s.a.)               BAL
26 Jan 1975 - 15 Aug 1975  Mohammad Mansoor Ali               (b. 1919 - d. 1975)  BAL
29 Jun 1978 - 12 Mar 1979  Mashiur Rahman (senior minister)   (b. 1924 - d. 1979)  BJD
15 Apr 1979 - 24 Mar 1982  Shah Azizur Rahman                 (b. 1925 - d. 1988)  BJD
30 Mar 1984 -  9 Jul 1986  Ataur Rahman Khan                  (s.a.)               JD
 9 Jul 1986 - 27 Mar 1988  Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury           (b. 1928 - d. 2006)  JD
27 Mar 1988 - 12 Aug 1989  Moudud Ahmed                       (b. 1940 - d. 2021)  JD
12 Aug 1989 -  6 Dec 1990  Kazi Zafar Ahmed                   (b. 1940 - d. 2015)  JD
20 Mar 1991 - 30 Mar 1996  Khaleda Zia (f) (1st time)         (b. 1945)            BJD
30 Mar 1996 - 23 Jun 1996  Mohammad Habibur Rahman            (b. 1930 - d. 2014)  Non-party 
(chief adviser)
23 Jun 1996 - 15 Jul 2001  Sheikh Hasina Wajed (f)(1st time)  (b. 1947)            BAL
15 Jul 2001 - 10 Oct 2001  Latifur Rahman (chief adviser)     (b. 1936 - d. 2017)  Non-party
10 Oct 2001 - 29 Oct 2006  Khaleda Zia (f) (2nd time)         (s.a.)               BJD
29 Oct 2006 - 11 Jan 2007  Iajuddin Ahmed (chief adviser)     (s.a.)               Non-party
11 Jan 2007 - 12 Jan 2007  Fazlul Haque                       (b. 1938)            Non-party
   (acting chief adviser) 
12 Jan 2007 -  6 Jan 2009  Fakhruddin Ahmed (chief adviser)   (b. 1940)            Non-party
 6 Jan 2009 -  5 Aug 2024  Sheikh Hasina Wajed (f)(2nd time)  (s.a.)    BAL
(fled country 5 Aug 2024)
 8 Aug 2024 -              Mohammad Yunus (chief adviser)     (b. 1940)            Non-party

British East India Company Residents in Murshidabad
1765 - 1770                Francis Sykes           (b. 1730 - d. 1804)
1770 - 1772                Richard Becher                     (b. 1721 - d. 1782)
1772 - 1774                Samuel Middleton                   (d. 1775)
1774 - 1780                William Byam Martin                (b. 1746 - d. 1806)
1780 - 1785                Sir John Hadley D'Oyly             (b. 1754 - d. 1818)
1785 - 1787                Robert Pott          (b. 1756 - d. 1795)
1787 - 1789                Peter Speke        (b. 1745 - d. 1811)

Territorial Disputes: Bangladesh referred its maritime boundary claims with Burma and India to the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea; Indian Prime Minister Singh's September 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement between India and Bangladesh, which had called for the settlement of longstanding boundary disputes over un-demarcated areas and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but which had never been implemented; Bangladesh struggles to accommodate 912,000 Rohingya, Burmese Muslim minority from Rakhine State, living as refugees in Cox's Bazar; Burmese border authorities are constructing a 200 km (124 mi) wire fence designed to deter illegal cross-border transit and tensions from the military build-up along border.

Party abbreviations: BAL = Bangladesh Awami League (Bangladesh People's League, nationalist, social-democratic, secular, as Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League Jun-Aug 1975, only legal party Jan-Aug 1975, former AL, est.1975); BJD = Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Dal (Bengal Nationalist Party, center-right, moderate islamist, est.1978); JD = Jatiya Dal (National Party, authoritarian, pro-Ershad, est.1986); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: AL = Awami Muslim League (People's Muslim League, pro-East Pakistan autonomy, Bangala nationalist, 1949-1975, then BAL); KSP = Krishak Sramik Party (Worker's and Peasant's Party, socialist, 1953-1975); ML = Muslim League (formerly All India Muslim League, Dec 1947-Oct 1958); UF = United Front ("Jukto Front," AL & KSP coalition supported by Jamaat, 1953-1954); PP = Jana Dal (People's Party, 1983-85, part of National Front 1985-1986, from 1986-90 part of JD)

© Ben Cahoon